{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T01:34:20Z","timestamp":1793151260614,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> is a foodborne pathogen of animal and public health significance. Considering the disadvantages of antibiotics or chemical preservatives traditionally used to eliminate this pathogen, attention has shifted, in recent years, toward biocontrol agents such as bacteriophages, used either separately or in combination to prevent food contamination. However, extensive use of phage-based biocontrol agents in the food industry requires further studies to ensure their safety and efficacy. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness and safety of phage cocktail, a phage cocktail comprising three pre-characterized <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> phages (vB_SenS_TUMS_E4, vB_SenS_TUMS_E15 and vB_SenS_TUMS_E19). First, we performed an MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay on a human foreskin fibroblast cell line, in which the resulting high cell viability revealed the safety of the phage cocktail. Next, we performed a time-kill assay in which a 4 Log decline in bacterial levels was detected. Additionally, we utilized a colorimetric method to evaluate the anti-biofilm activity of phage cocktail, in which it proved more efficacious compared to the MIC and MBEC levels of the antibiotic control. Then, we assessed the ability of phage cocktail to eradicate <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in different food samples, where it considerably reduced the bacterial count regardless of the temperature (4\u00b0C and 25\u00b0C). Lastly, we used broiler chickens as an animal model to measure the growth-promoting activity of phage cocktail. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>-infected chickens orally treated with modified phage cocktail demonstrated no mortality and a significant increase in weight gain compared to the untreated group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.0002). The study presents a novel research evaluating the effectiveness and safety of a phage cocktail as a biocontrol agent against <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in various contexts, including biofilms, food products, and broiler chickens. This multifaceted approach underscores the promising role of phage therapy as a sustainable biocontrol strategy in food safety and public health contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1505805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T06:33:50Z","timestamp":1732775630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Evaluating the effectiveness and safety of a novel phage cocktail as a biocontrol of Salmonella in biofilm, food products, and broiler chicken"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Narges","family":"Torkashvand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haniyeh","family":"Kamyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Aarabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Reza","family":"Shahverdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Amir Karimi","family":"Torshizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Khoshayand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zargham","family":"Sepehrizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1089\/phage.2021.0017","article-title":"Using phages to reduce Salmonella prevalence in chicken meat: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Almutairi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phage (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06534","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6534","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting on the bacteriophages PCM F\/00069, PCM F\/00070, PCM F\/00071 and PCM F\/00097 infecting Salmonella gallinarum B\/00111 (Bafasal\u00ae) for all avian species (Proteon pharmaceuticals S.A.)","volume":"19","author":"Bampidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.3390\/v7082847","article-title":"Bio-control of Salmonella Enteritidis in foods using bacteriophages","volume":"7","author":"Bao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13060522","article-title":"Does phage therapy need a Pan-phage?","volume":"13","author":"Bozidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Salmonella and Food","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04679-6","article-title":"The gut microbiota of chickens in a commercial farm treated with a Salmonella phage cocktail","volume":"12","author":"Clavijo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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Iran."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-023-10105-1","article-title":"Isolation, characterization, and genome analysis of a broad host range Salmonella phage vB_SenS_TUMS_E4: a candidate bacteriophage for biocontrol","volume":"47","author":"Torkashvand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00570-6","article-title":"Bacteriophage cocktail supplementation improves growth performance, gut microbiome and production traits in broiler chickens","volume":"12","author":"Upadhaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref39","author":"Whitworth","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070742","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of the safety and efficacy of BAFASAL((R)) bacteriophage preparation for the reduction of Salmonella in the food chain","volume":"12","author":"Wojcik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Interventions for the control of non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. in beef and pork: meeting report and systematic review\n          \n          \n          Geneva\n          World Health Organization\n          \n          2016"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15843","article-title":"Phage and phage lysins: new era of bio-preservatives and food safety agents","volume":"86","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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