{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:58:50Z","timestamp":1791323930590,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a significant nosocomial pathogen that has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, often forming biofilms that enhance its virulence. This study investigated the efficacy of a novel nanoformulation, AgNPs@chitosan-NaF, in combating\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to assess the antibiotic resistance profile of\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. The antibiofilm activity of AgNPs@chitosan-NaF was evaluated using crystal violet staining and scanning electron microscopy. The underlying mechanisms of action were investigated through gene expression analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The majority of\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates exhibited high levels of multidrug resistance. AgNPs@chitosan-NaF demonstrated superior biofilm inhibition compared to AgNPs@chitosan, significantly reducing biofilm biomass and disrupting biofilm architecture at MICs ranging from 0.125 to 1 \u03bcg\/mL. Mechanistic studies revealed that the nanoformulation downregulated the expression of key biofilm-associated genes, including\n                      <jats:italic>treC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>fimA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>mrkA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>ecpA<\/jats:italic>\n                      . While AgNPs@chitosan-NaF exhibited a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on both normal and cancer cell lines, minimal cytotoxicity was observed at concentrations below 31.25 \u03bcg\/mL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study highlights the synergistic effect of silver nanoparticles, chitosan, and sodium fluoride in combating\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms. The nanoformulation, AgNPs@chitosan-NaF, emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy to address the challenge of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1507274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T01:11:05Z","timestamp":1736385065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Novel silver nanoparticle-based biomaterials for combating Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eslam","family":"Elashkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rihaf","family":"Alfaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola M.","family":"El-Borady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud M.","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelazeem M.","family":"Algammal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azza S.","family":"El-Demerdash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13020078","article-title":"General overview of Klebsiella pneumonia: epidemiology and the role of Siderophores in its pathogenicity","volume":"13","author":"Abbas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.38","article-title":"The ameliorative role of Aloe vera-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus induced acute lung injury: targeting TLR\/NF-$\u03ba$B signaling pathways","volume":"14","author":"Abd El-Emam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387114","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1387114","article-title":"Targeting bacterial biofilm-related genes with nanoparticle-based strategies","volume":"15","author":"Afrasiabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. 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