{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:06:57Z","timestamp":1791230817427,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":270,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-lactam antibiotics are essential medications for treating human diseases. The spread of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> (ESBL-PE) exists globally in multiple reservoirs and the natural environment and poses an immense threat to public health. Plasmid incompatibility groups, such as IncFIA, IncI1, IncY, IncFIB, IncN, IncFIC, IncX4, IncB\/O\/K\/Z, IncHI1\/2, and IncA\/C, which exist in humans, animals, and the environment, carrying bla<\/jats:italic>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>, bla<\/jats:italic>TEM<\/jats:sub>, and bla<\/jats:italic>SHV<\/jats:sub> genes. The ISEcp1<\/jats:italic> upstream and orf477 downstream of bla<\/jats:italic>CTX-M<\/jats:sub> genes, as well as other mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as IS903<\/jats:italic> and IS26<\/jats:italic>, are involved in capturing and mobilizing antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs). The bla<\/jats:italic>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub> gene is the most common among all discussed reservoirs. The environmental reservoir and propagation mode of ESBL-PE are increasing and difficult to control. The reasons include but are not limited to bacterial adaptability and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mediated by MGEs and plasmids. Conjugation is a pathway of HGT that is almost uncontrollable. MGEs and plasmids such as Tn3<\/jats:italic>, IS1380<\/jats:italic> families, IncI1, IncK, and IncN are facilitating HGT of bla<\/jats:italic>CTX-M<\/jats:sub> genes. This review highlights the need to monitor trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the natural environment. Therefore, policies such as antibiotic management plans, training for healthcare providers and\/or patients, cautious use of antibiotics, the need for epidemiological networks, pre-travel consultations, World Health Organization (WHO) infection control and biosafety guidelines, and other intervention measures are considered desirable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1496716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T06:35:39Z","timestamp":1740119739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Threats across boundaries: the spread of ESBL-positive Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and its challenge to the \u201cone health\u201d concept"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shaqiu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mafeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dekang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingshu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anchun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136052","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136052","article-title":"Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-lactamases and\/or Carbapenemases-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from retail chicken meat in Zagazig, Egypt","volume":"10","author":"Abdallah","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12462","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae recovered from companion animal and livestock environments","volume":"65","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2020.100738","article-title":"Diversity of extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in Escherichia coli isolated from wastewater generated by a Sick Bay located in a university health care facility","volume":"20","author":"Adekanmbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0305","article-title":"Plasmid replicons and \u03b2-lactamase-encoding genes of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from humans and food animals in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria","volume":"25","author":"Adenipekun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. 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