{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:59:39Z","timestamp":1775491179886,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The gut microbiota and bile acids (BAs) have emerged as factors involved in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Xiaohua Funing decoction (XFD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula used for the treatment of NAFLD. Previous studies have indicated that XFD protects liver function, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, a Wistar rat model of NAFLD (Mod) was established via a high-fat diet. The effects of obeticholic acid (OCA) and XFD on Mod rats were subsequently evaluated. Wistar rats in the control (Con) group were fed a standard diet. There were eight rats in each group, and the treatment lasted for 12\u202fweeks. Furthermore, metagenomic sequencing and BA metabolomic analyses were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to the Con group, the Mod group presented significant differences in body and liver weights; serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels; and liver TG, TC, and bile salt hydrolase levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05 or <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01). Importantly, OCA and XFD administration normalized these indicators (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05 or <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01). Pathology of the liver and white fat steatosis was observed in the Mod group, but steatosis was significantly alleviated in the OCA and XFD groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05 or <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01). The abundances of <jats:italic>Bacteroidales_bacterium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Prevotella_<\/jats:italic>sp., <jats:italic>bacterium_0.1xD8-71<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>unclassified_g_Turicibacter<\/jats:italic> in the Mod group were significantly different from those in the Con group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05 or <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01), whereas the abundance of <jats:italic>Bacteroidales_bacterium<\/jats:italic> was greater in the XFD group. A total of 17, 24, and 24 differentially abundant BAs were detected in the feces, liver, and serum samples from the Mod and Con groups, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05 or <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01). In the feces, liver, and serum, XFD normalized the levels of 16, 23, and 14 BAs, respectively, including glycochenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, murideoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, 23-nordeoxycholic acid, and 3\u03b2-ursodeoxycholic acid. In addition, glycochenodeoxycholic acid was identified as a potential biomarker of NAFLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, our experiments revealed that XFD regulates the gut microbiota and BAs, providing beneficial effects on liver lipid accumulation in NAFLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1511885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T16:26:06Z","timestamp":1739204766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Xiaohua Funing decoction ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating the gut microbiota and bile acids"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jindong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24829","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24829","article-title":"Comparing the efficacy and safety of Obeticholic acid and Semaglutide in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.003","article-title":"The gut-liver axis in liver disease: pathophysiological basis for therapy","volume":"72","author":"Albillos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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