{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T14:27:03Z","timestamp":1778077623557,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Periodontitis and inflammatory bowel disease are chronic inflammatory diseases with shared epidemiological, biological, and therapeutic associations. Given the similarities in their pathogenic factors, this study hypothesized that mesalazine, a key treatment agent for inflammatory bowel disease, could also be effective in managing periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The antimicrobial effect of mesalazine on <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> was investigated <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, including observations of morphological changes on the surface of <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, the impact of mesalazine on both the formation and established plaque biofilms was examined. The antimicrobial mechanism was elucidated by assessing the expression of <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> virulence genes and by determining the disruptive effect on <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> cell membranes. An <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> rat model of periodontitis was constructed to evaluate mesalazine\u2019s efficacy and its influence on the periodontal bacterial flora in the context of periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results demonstrated that mesalazine concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2\u202fmg\/mL significantly inhibited <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> proliferation over 72\u202fh. Flow cytometry revealed a marked reduction in the number of viable cells following mesalazine treatment. At the nanometer scale, mesalazine induced crumpling and rupture of the <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> surface, compromising cell membrane integrity. Mesalazine not only suppressed the formation of plaque biofilms by <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and polymicrobial communities but also disrupted pre-existing biofilms. The data also suggested that mesalazine could disrupt the integrity of the <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> cell membrane and inhibit the expression of virulence factors. An animal model of periodontitis in rats was successfully constructed <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Mesalazine treatment inhibited alveolar bone resorption, alleviated inflammation of periodontal tissues, and improved the composition of the periodontal flora to a healthier state. This study establishes that mesalazine can treat periodontitis through modulation of the periodontal flora and its anti-inflammatory properties, thus broadening its classical therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1531258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T02:16:48Z","timestamp":1737512208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mesalazine: a novel therapeutic agent for periodontitis via regulation of periodontal microbiota and inhibiting Porphyromonas gingivalis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingzheng","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12066","article-title":"Iron-and hemin-dependent gene expression of Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"30","author":"Anaya-Bergman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.06062-11","article-title":"VimA-dependent modulation of acetyl coenzyme a levels and lipid a biosynthesis can Alter virulence in Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"80","author":"Aruni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. 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