{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:07:55Z","timestamp":1792638475010,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The genus\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    includes metabolically versatile microorganisms occupying diverse niches, from environmental habitats to plant pathogens, and has clinically significant strains. For this reason,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. might act as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes, which have been detected even in isolated environments. The aim of this study was to report the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of 25\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from soil samples collected on King George Island (Antarctic Peninsula), and to select non-clonal isolates with unusual phenotypes for whole genome sequencing (WGS). Six classes of antimicrobials were assessed with disk diffusion and colistin with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by broth microdilution. In order to confirm the discrepant phenotypes, MIC by agar dilution was performed for the beta-lactams aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefepime and the aminoglycoside neomycin. The genus\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization \u2013 time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and the clonal relationships were examined using repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (BOX-PCR), from which 14 strains were selected for WGS. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all strains were susceptible to neomycin and exhibited varying degrees of intermediate or full resistance to aztreonam and colistin. Additionally, 11 strains demonstrated intermediate resistance to ceftazidime, and six were resistant to cefepime. The genomic analysis identified various efflux pumps, predominantly from the ABC transporter and resistance-nodulation-division families. Resistance genes were detected against eight classes of antimicrobials, listed by prevalence: beta-lactams, tetracyclines, polymyxins, aminoglycosides, fosmidomycin, fosfomycin, quinolones, and chloramphenicol. Genes associated with heavy-metal resistance, prophages, and adaptations to extreme environments were also investigated. One notable isolate exhibited not only the highest number of pathogenicity and resistance islands, but also presented a carbapenemase-encoding gene (\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>PFM-2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in its genome. Overall, one plasmid was identified in a distinct isolate, which did not exhibit antimicrobial resistance determinants. The genotypic and phenotypic findings are consistent, suggesting that efflux pumps play a critical role in antimicrobial extrusion. This study offers valuable insight into the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>P. fluorescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , particularly in extreme environments, such as Antarctica. By exploring the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in\n                    <jats:italic>P. fluorescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the study sheds light on how isolated ecosystems drive the natural evolution of resistance genes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1535420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T02:06:58Z","timestamp":1740967618000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Genomic and phenotypic insight into antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas fluorescens from King George Island, Antarctica"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Myllena Pereira","family":"Silverio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fania","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana T. D.","family":"Parise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doglas","family":"Parise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus Vinicius Can\u00e1rio","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wylerson","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rommel Thiago Juc\u00e1","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristoteles","family":"G\u00f3es-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasco Ariston De Carvalho","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertram","family":"Brenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Regina","family":"Bonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Soares","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D690","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac920","article-title":"CARD 2023: expanded curation, support for machine learning, and resistome prediction at the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"51","author":"Alcock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-402","article-title":"BLAST ring image generator (BRIG): simple prokaryote genome comparisons","volume":"12","author":"Alikhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2008.86","article-title":"Functional metagenomics reveals diverse beta-lactamases in a remote Alaskan soil","volume":"3","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"'FastQC: A quality control tool for high throughput sequence Data', Babraham bioinformatics","author":"Andrews","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"103","article-title":"Chapter 6\u2014whole-genome analyses: average nucleotide identity","volume-title":"Methods in microbiology","author":"Arahal","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112658","article-title":"Arctic seabirds transport marine-derived contaminants","volume":"309","author":"Blais","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D744","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1047","article-title":"MEGARes and AMR++, v3.0: an updated comprehensive database of antimicrobial resistance determinants and an improved software pipeline for classification using high-throughput sequencing","volume":"51","author":"Bonin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345","article-title":"ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes","volume":"75","author":"Bortolaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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