{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T14:49:06Z","timestamp":1793371746341,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL142626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL142626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (pneumococcus) competence regulon is well-known for regulating genetic transformation but is also important for virulence. Some pneumococcal strains can enter a transient competent state for genetic transformation in an optimized competence-inducing medium when the threshold level of the peptide pheromone competence stimulating peptide is attained; upregulating the expression of three distinct phases of \u201cearly\u201d, \u201clate\u201d and \u201cdelayed\u201d competence genes. Recently, we discovered that pneumococcus can naturally enter a prolonged competent state during acute pneumonia in mice. However, mechanisms driving competence development during host infection are rarely examined, and a direct comparison between <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> competence induction has not been performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a comparative gene expression analysis of pneumococcal competence development <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> versus <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> during pneumonia-derived sepsis in mice. We examined existing RNA-Seq data and performed validation using RNA obtained from an independent replicate experiment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our analysis revealed both similarities and differences in the expression of \u201cearly\u201d, \u201clate\u201d, and \u201cdelayed\u201d competence between <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> versus during pneumonia-derived sepsis. Our results may reveal new aspects of pneumococcal competence biology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1540511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T06:45:29Z","timestamp":1738046729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparative analysis of the Streptococcus pneumoniae competence development in vitro versus in vivo during pneumonia-derived sepsis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sook Yin","family":"Chong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi Qian","family":"Lew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tauqeer","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Gaulke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gee W.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.4.9701075","article-title":"Bacterial pneumonia causes augmented expression of the secretory leukoprotease inhibitor gene in the murine lung","volume":"156","author":"Abe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. 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