{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:34:02Z","timestamp":1785843242585,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) significantly compromises patients' quality of life, has detrimental effects on both physical and mental well-being, and poses a substantial economic burden. Current pharmacological interventions primarily focus on symptom relief; nevertheless, their associated adverse effects are evident. Rape bee pollen and maca are both homologous food products, which are not only rich in nutrition, but also have many biological activities. There is no report on the combination of rape bee pollen and maca in benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy, and no report on the molecular mechanism. This study aims to systematically investigate the therapeutic efficacy and underlying molecular mechanisms of a chewable tablet formulation containing rape bee pollen and maca in the management of BPH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      First, the chewable tablets were prepared from rape bee pollen and maca, and the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint was established. During a 4-week period, rats were subjected to subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate solution to establish a BPH model, while simultaneously receiving orally administered chewable tablets for BPH treatment via gavage. We assessed the body weight, prostate tissue index, serum levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1beta (IL-1\u03b2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels in rats. Prostate tissues were collected for histopathological analysis. The protein expression levels of IL-6, phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -JAK2), and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -STAT3) were determined by Western blotting. Rat feces were collected aseptically for 16S rDNA gene sequencing to assess gut microbiota levels. Additionally, our research findings demonstrate that the combined application of rape pollen and maca exhibits superior therapeutic efficacy compared to the individual use of either rape pollen or maca alone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We prepared the rape bee pollen and maca chewable tablets, established the HPLC fingerprint map, and quantitatively analyzed four of these main components. We found that the rape bee pollen and maca chewable tablets significantly inhibited DHT, T, E2, E2\/T ratio, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-1\u03b2 and reduced MDA levels and increased SOD, GSH levels. 16S rDNA gene sequencing revealed that the chewable tablet increased the abundance of the beneficial bacteria\n                      <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium, Collinsella, Phascolarctobacterium, Kineothrix<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and decreased that of the pro-inflammatory\n                      <jats:italic>bacterium Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Western blot indicated that the chewable tablet could significantly inhibit the IL-6,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -JAK2, and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -STAT3 protein expression levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that rape bee pollen and maca chewable tablets had a protective effect on rats with BPH, and also found that the combination of rape bee pollen and maca was better than separate application. The mechanism may be related to the gut microbiota and IL-6\/JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1547724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:02:41Z","timestamp":1765807361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chewable tablets containing rape bee pollen and maca attenuate testosterone propionate\u2013induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats by regulating the gut microbiota and modulating the IL-6\/JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohua","family":"Ru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengyun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongchang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouren","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5904","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065904","article-title":"Alteration of gut microbes in benign prostatic hyperplasia model and finasteride treatment model","volume":"24","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051899","article-title":"Role of phytotherapy in the management of BPH: a summary of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Antoniou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e754","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00213-6","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia in 204 countries and territories from 2000 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"3","author":"Awedew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203527","article-title":"STATs in oncogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Bowman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14871","article-title":"Microbiota-dependent and -independent effects of dietary fibre on human health","volume":"177","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554078","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.554078","article-title":"Endocrinology of the aging prostate: current concepts","volume":"12","author":"Cannarella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13386","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13386","article-title":"Regulation of microRNAs by rape bee pollen on benign prostate hyperplasia in rats","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41160-y","article-title":"Gut commensal Kineothrix alysoides mitigates liver dysfunction by restoring lipid metabolism and gut microbial balance","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D633","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1244","article-title":"Ribosomal Database Project: data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis","volume":"42","author":"Cole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02732G","article-title":"Medicinal effects of Peruvian maca (Lepidium meyenii): a review","volume":"11","author":"Da Silva Leit\u00e3o Peres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175993","article-title":"Canagliflozin alleviates experimentally induced benign prostate hyperplasia in a rat model: exploring potential mechanisms involving mir-128b\/EGFR\/EGF and JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathways through in silico and in vivo investigations","volume":"957","author":"Elbaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-6","article-title":"An improved dual-indexing approach for multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform","volume":"2","author":"Fadrosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14502","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14502","article-title":"Quercetin in Tonglong Qibi decoction ameliorates testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats by regulating Nrf2 signalling pathways and oxidative stress","volume":"54","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155048","article-title":"Bushen Tongluo formula ameliorated testosterone propionate-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats","volume":"120","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615928","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.615928","article-title":"High-fat diet induced gut microbiota alterations associating with Ghrelin\/Jak2\/Stat3 up-regulation to promote benign prostatic hyperplasia development","volume":"9","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1163\/18762891-20230039","article-title":"Fermented rape pollen powder can alleviate benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats by reducing hormone content and changing gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11634","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411634","article-title":"Mechanism of androgen-independent stromal proliferation in benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"24","author":"Hata","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.01897.x","article-title":"Identification by immunoblot of venom glycoproteins displaying immunoglobulin E-binding N-glycans as cross-reactive allergens in honeybee and yellow jacket venom","volume":"34","author":"Hemmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.207","article-title":"Estrogen and androgen signaling in the pathogenesis of BPH","volume":"8","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023177","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1023177","article-title":"The role of IL-6\/JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway in cancers","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2021.151472","article-title":"Modulation of inflammatory responses by gastrointestinal Prevotella spp","volume":"311","author":"Iljazovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"\u2013 From associations to functional studies. Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050693","article-title":"Gut microbial composition and function are altered in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-016-0795-8","article-title":"Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 as a therapeutic target for cancer and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127596","article-title":"The human microbiome and benign prostatic hyperplasia: current understandings and clinical implications","volume":"281","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679712","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.679712","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis accelerates prostate cancer progression through increased LPCAT1 expression and enhanced DNA repair pathways","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Mago\u010d","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740636","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.740636","article-title":"Possible benefits of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii for obesity-associated gut disorders","volume":"12","author":"Maioli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fuad039","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuad039","article-title":"Faecalibacterium: a bacterial genus with promising human health applications","volume":"47","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0843","article-title":"Current treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"117","author":"Miernik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04995-3","article-title":"Ellagic acid improves benign prostate hyperplasia by regulating androgen signaling and STAT3","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.11.007","article-title":"Lactobacillus iners: friend or foe?","volume":"25","author":"Petrova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7896","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12878","article-title":"Rapeseed bee pollen alleviates chronic non-bacterial prostatitis via regulating gut microbiota","volume":"103","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7030078","article-title":"Characterization a novel butyric acid-producing bacterium Collinsella aerofaciens subsp","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"shenzhenensis subsp. nov. Microorganisms"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7768","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28237768","article-title":"Chemical properties and biological activity of bee pollen","volume":"28","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00f3lit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-022-00569-1","article-title":"The relationship between the gut microbiota, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and erectile dysfunction","volume":"35","author":"Russo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Impot. Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2020.61.S1.S43","article-title":"The human gastrointestinal microbiota and prostate cancer development and treatment","volume":"61","author":"Sha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2020-0051","article-title":"Mechanistic targets for BPH and prostate cancer-a review","volume":"36","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105673","article-title":"Prevotella: an insight into its characteristics and associated virulence factors","volume":"169","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0116955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116955","article-title":"Microbial community composition and diversity via 16S rRNA gene amplicons: evaluating the illumina platform","volume":"10","author":"Sinclair","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59134-9","article-title":"Author correction: novel indole-fused benzo-oxazepines (IFBOs) inhibit invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting IL-6 mediated JAK2\/STAT3 oncogenic signals","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115566","article-title":"Nrf2-mediated macrophage function in benign prostatic hyperplasia: novel molecular insights and implications","volume":"167","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2010.06.014","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 suppresses IL-6-induced STAT3 activation through regulation of Jak2 expression in prostate epithelial cells","volume":"22","author":"Star\u0161\u00edchov\u00e1","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5486","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065486","article-title":"Overview of BPH: symptom relief with dietary polyphenols, vitamins and phytochemicals by nutraceutical supplements with implications to the prostate microbiome","volume":"24","author":"Stewart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0123-9","article-title":"Nutritional preferences of human gut bacteria reveal their metabolic idiosyncrasies","volume":"3","author":"Tramontano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360422","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1360422","article-title":"Exploring the chemical and pharmacological variability of Lepidium meyenii: a comprehensive review of the effects of maca","volume":"15","author":"Ulloa Del Carpio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13516","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13516","article-title":"Inflammatory pathway employed by red maca to treat induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats","volume":"52","author":"V\u00e1squez-Vel\u00e1squez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-024-3916-0","article-title":"Mechanisms and efficacy of Chinese herbal medicines in benign prostatic hyperplasia","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174251","article-title":"Kaempferol inhibits benign prostatic hyperplasia by resisting the action of androgen","volume":"907","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-022-09730-z","article-title":"Androgens, aging, and prostate health","volume":"23","author":"Wel\u00e9n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000352","article-title":"Statistical methods for detecting differentially abundant features in clinical metagenomic samples","volume":"5","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4878","article-title":"Phascolarctobacterium faecium abundant colonization in human gastrointestinal tract","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F310","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00428.2016","article-title":"IL-6 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of human peritoneal mesothelial cells possibly through the JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"313","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2014.1680","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of rape pollen supercritical CO2 fluid extract against testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2018.6241","article-title":"Tyrphostin B42 attenuates trichostatin A-mediated resistance in pancreatic cancer cells by antagonizing IL-6\/JAK2\/STAT3 signaling","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5838","article-title":"Protective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) aqueous extract and lycopene on testosterone propionate-induced prostatic hyperplasia in mice","volume":"31","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1547724\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:02:42Z","timestamp":1765807362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1547724\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1547724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1547724","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"article-number":"1547724"}}