{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:20:51Z","timestamp":1792621251575,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infection affects around half of the global population and is a globally highly prevalent pathogen that is closely linked not only to gastrointestinal diseases such as chronic atrophic gastritis, functional dyspepsia and peptic ulcer but also to the development and progression of a variety of extra-gastrointestinal diseases. Numerous studies have shown the correlation between\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). The prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection is higher in individuals with IDA, and the hemoglobin level of patients with IDA can be increased to different degrees or even returned to normal following active\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    eradication. However, this conclusion is still controversial. In this paper, a comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed\/MEDLINE\/Web of Science database, combining the following terms: \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\u201d \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection,\u201d \u201ciron deficiency anemia,\u201d \u201ciron deficiency,\u201d \u201ciron absorption,\u201d \u201ciron malabsorption,\u201d \u201cserum iron,\u201d \u201chemoglobin,\u201d \u201cpathogenesis,\u201d \u201cmechanism,\u201d and \u201ceradication therapy.\u201d Through extensive literature searches, the correlation between\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and IDA, its potential mechanism, and the efficacy of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    eradication therapy in IDA patients have been comprehensively discussed. We conclude that the majority of existing studies have confirmed the correlation between\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and IDA, indicating that patients with\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection are more likely to develop IDA and that the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection is higher in individuals with IDA. Compared with iron supplementation alone, combining\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    eradication with iron supplementation is more effective in treating IDA, particularly in unexplained or refractory IDA cases. These findings provide valuable insights for clinicians managing patients with unexplained or refractory IDA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1552630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T19:27:27Z","timestamp":1742930847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Research progress on the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and iron deficiency anemia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sugui","family":"Pu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dekui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12537","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12537","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new enigma?","volume":"23","author":"Abdel-Razik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.117757","article-title":"Effect of sequential versus standard Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy on the associated iron deficiency anemia in children","volume":"45","author":"Ali Habib","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2010.356","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and the severity of gastritis are not associated with iron deficiency in a group of Brazilian patients","volume":"48","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.4.496","article-title":"Concomitant alterations in intragastric pH and ascorbic acid concentration in patients with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and associated iron deficiency anaemia","volume":"52","author":"Annibale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2020.1718491","article-title":"A current clinical overview of atrophic gastritis","volume":"14","author":"Annibale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181d40cd7","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and iron-deficiency anemia in adolescents in Brazil","volume":"51","author":"Araf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24201","article-title":"How we diagnose and treat iron deficiency anemia","volume":"91","author":"Auerbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013040355","article-title":"Suppression of iron-regulatory hepcidin by vitamin D","volume":"25","author":"Bacchetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3857","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113857","article-title":"Early-life Iron deficiency Anemia programs the hippocampal Epigenomic landscape","volume":"13","author":"Barks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.4.2.136","article-title":"Studies of basal and peak acid output with an augmented histamine test","volume":"4","author":"Baron","year":"1963","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8815","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1935442","article-title":"Prevalence and approaches to manage iron deficiency anemia (IDA)","volume":"62","author":"Bathla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3409-7","article-title":"Significant racial disparities exist in noncardia gastric Cancer outcomes among Kaiser Permanente\u2019s patient population","volume":"60","author":"Bautista","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03686.x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and serum ferritin: a population-based study among 1806 adults in Germany","volume":"96","author":"Berg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.097394","article-title":"Is achlorhydria a cause of iron deficiency anemia?","volume":"102","author":"Betesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236035","article-title":"Computed normal values for peak acid output based on age, sex and body weight","volume":"15","author":"Blackman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Dig Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02072207","article-title":"Syncopes leading to the diagnosis of a Helicobacter pylori positive chronic active haemorrhagic gastritis","volume":"150","author":"Blecker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1989.tb01409.x","article-title":"Nutritional iron requirements and food iron absorption","volume":"226","author":"Bothwell","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173108","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173108","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and low dietary iron alter behavior, induce iron deficiency anemia, and modulate hippocampal gene expression in female C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"12","author":"Burns","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12403","article-title":"Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"22","author":"Burucoa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj018","article-title":"Iron deficiency and Helicobacter pylori infection in the United States","volume":"163","author":"Cardenas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182054123","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori eradication and change in markers of iron stores among non-iron-deficient children in El Paso, Texas: an etiologic intervention study","volume":"52","author":"Cardenas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2012.065854","article-title":"Hepcidin demonstrates a biphasic association with anemia in acute plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"97","author":"Casals-Pascual","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1086\/590158","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori colonization is inversely associated with childhood asthma","volume":"198","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4030","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004030","article-title":"An insight into the relationships between hepcidin, anemia, infections and inflammatory cytokines in pediatric refugees: a cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Cherian","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.563","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"112","author":"Chey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00633.x","article-title":"Does Helicobacter pylori infection relate to iron deficiency anaemia in prepubescent children under 12 years of age?","volume":"92","author":"Choi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. (Oslo, Norway: 1992)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.201800000-20","article-title":"IVTH BRAZILIAN CONSENSUS CONFERENCE ON Helicobacter Pylori INFECTION","volume":"55","author":"Coelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199910000-00002","article-title":"Iron absorption and transport","volume":"318","author":"Conrad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020227","article-title":"Approaches for reducing the risk of early-life Iron deficiency-induced brain dysfunction in children","volume":"10","author":"Cusick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"302","article-title":"The prevalence of anaemia in the world","volume":"38","author":"DeMaeyer","year":"1985","journal-title":"World Health Stat. Q."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.htct.2018.02.001","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori associated to unexplained or refractory iron deficiency anemia: an Egyptian single-center experience","volume":"40","author":"Demerdash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hematol. Trans. Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2009.11.006","article-title":"Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori and iron supplementation on the iron status of children with iron deficiency","volume":"41","author":"Duque","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24905","article-title":"Associations of Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and gastric inflammation with pediatric asthma","volume":"55","author":"Elias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5414\/CN109034","article-title":"Does Helicobacter pylori infection play a role in iron deficiency anemia in hemodialysis patients?","volume":"88","author":"El-Said","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2482-4","article-title":"An insight into the relationships between prohepcidin, iron deficiency anemia, and interleukin-6 values in pediatric Helicobacter pylori gastritis","volume":"174","author":"Emiralioglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12165","article-title":"Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"19","author":"Eusebi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184026","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184026","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection perturbs iron homeostasis in gastric epithelial cells","volume":"12","author":"Flores","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.12.1672","article-title":"Epidemiology of, and risk factors for, Helicobacter pylori infection among 3194 asymptomatic subjects in 17 populations. The EUROGAST Study Group","volume":"34","author":"Forman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.11.008","article-title":"A regulatory instead of an IL-17 T response predominates in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis in children","volume":"14","author":"Freire de Melo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9123887","article-title":"Extra-gastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"9","author":"Gravina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)34918-2","article-title":"Basal and HISTALOG-stimulated gastric secretion in control subjects and in patients with peptic ulcer or gastric CANCER","volume":"45","author":"Grossman","year":"1963","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/41343","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter","volume":"388","author":"Gunshin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2012-201243","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-associated hypochlorhydria in children, and development of iron deficiency","volume":"66","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-512624","article-title":"How I treat unexplained refractory iron deficiency anemia","volume":"123","author":"Hershko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2006.09.006","article-title":"A hematologist\u2019s view of unexplained iron deficiency anemia in males: impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication","volume":"38","author":"Hershko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2009.06.002","article-title":"Pathogenesis and management of iron deficiency anemia: emerging role of celiac disease, helicobacter pylori, and autoimmune gastritis","volume":"46","author":"Hershko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2009.089987","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia can be improved after eradication of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"86","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12330","article-title":"An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and iron deficiency anemia","volume":"22","author":"Hudak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goy001","article-title":"Unexplained iron deficiency anemia: does Helicobacter pylori have a role to play?","volume":"6","author":"John","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001594","article-title":"Joint ESPGHAN\/NASPGHAN guidelines for the Management of Helicobacter pylori in children and adolescents (update 2016)","volume":"64","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-508325","article-title":"A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010","volume":"123","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184046","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184046","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori SabA gene is associated with iron deficiency anemia in childhood and adolescence","volume":"12","author":"Kato","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.4.452","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori independent chronological change in gastric acid secretion in the Japanese","volume":"41","author":"Kinoshita","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12669","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12669","article-title":"Previous Helicobacter pylori infection-induced atrophic gastritis: a distinct disease entity in an understudied population without a history of eradication","volume":"25","author":"Kishikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17925","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.17925","article-title":"Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and serum Iron profile","volume":"13","author":"Kishore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16621","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and metabolic syndrome-related adipokines in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathophysiology","volume":"39","author":"Kountouras","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000759","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2021-000759","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia: pathophysiology, assessment, practical management","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(01)00104-2","article-title":"Ferroportin1: a new iron export molecule?","volume":"34","author":"Le","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2009.00658.x","article-title":"The expression of iron-repressible outer membrane proteins in Helicobacter pylori and its association with iron deficiency anemia","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2020.433","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and iron deficiency in non-elderly adults participating in a health check-up program","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v14.i5.959","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori, gastric microbiota and gastric cancer relationship: unrolling the tangle","volume":"14","author":"Liatsos","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740s","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.131169","article-title":"Early iron deficiency has brain and behavior effects consistent with dopaminergic dysfunction","volume":"141","author":"Lozoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302084","article-title":"Management Ofhelicobacter pyloriinfection\u2014the Maastricht IV\/ Florence Consensus report","volume":"61","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312288","article-title":"Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V\/Florence Consensus report","volume":"66","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2016.1150666","article-title":"Intrafamilial transmission of Helicobacter pylori: genotyping of fecal samples","volume":"73","author":"Mamishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v5.i12.412","article-title":"Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on elder cases: observational study in community-based medicine","volume":"5","author":"Maruyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072001","article-title":"The role of Iron in brain development: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"McCann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002401","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of anemia, WHO vitamin and mineral nutrition information system, 1993-2005","volume":"12","author":"McLean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01103","article-title":"Vitamin C and Helicobacter pylori infection: current knowledge and future prospects","volume":"9","author":"Mei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092141","article-title":"Association between active H. pylori infection and Iron deficiency assessed by serum Hepcidin levels in school-age children","volume":"11","author":"Mendoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12036","article-title":"The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on iron stores and iron deficiency in urban Alaska native adults","volume":"18","author":"Miernyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01034","article-title":"Helicobacter, hygiene, atopy, and asthma","volume":"8","author":"Miftahussurur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2008.00617.x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and iron stores: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Muhsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.htct.2017.11.010","article-title":"Hematological parameters, serum iron and vitamin B(12) levels in hospitalized Palestinian adult patients infected with Helicobacter pylori: a case-control study","volume":"40","author":"Mwafy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hematol. Trans. Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2021.42.6.20210103","article-title":"Impact of Helicobacter pylori on hematological parameters among Saudi population","volume":"42","author":"Nasif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12199","article-title":"The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori remains high in African American and Hispanic veterans","volume":"20","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151179498","article-title":"Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) knockout mice","volume":"98","author":"Nicolas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1226","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00276.2002","article-title":"Aging and neural control of the GI tract: IV. Clinical and physiological aspects of gastrointestinal motility and aging","volume":"283","author":"Orr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_69_19","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and association between its positivity and anatomotopographic settlement in the stomach with the host age range","volume":"20","author":"Ozturk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Afr. Med."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.6.885-888.2000","article-title":"High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the Alaska native population and association with low serum ferritin levels in young adults","volume":"7","author":"Parkinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"165","article-title":"Is hepcidin the bridge linking Helicobacter pylori and anemia of chronic infection? A research proposal","volume":"46","author":"Pellicano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Panminerva Med."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0760237","article-title":"Ascorbic acid: a factor concentrated in human gastric juice","volume":"76","author":"Rathbone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (London, England 1979)"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15751","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113059","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113059","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori antibodies and iron deficiency in female adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Sandstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-016-0961-5","article-title":"The impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication on serum hepcidin-25 level and iron parameters in patients with iron deficiency anemia","volume":"128","author":"Sapmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.07.030","article-title":"Causal relationship of Helicobacter pylori with iron-deficiency anemia or failure of iron supplementation in children","volume":"135","author":"Sarker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2012.00965.x","article-title":"Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric acid secretion in pre-school Bangladeshi children","volume":"17","author":"Sarker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2002.02797.x","article-title":"Serum ferritin and Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a sero-epidemiologic study in Korea","volume":"17","author":"Seo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621879","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.621879","article-title":"Changes in gastric Corpus microbiota with age and after Helicobacter pylori eradication: a long-term follow-up study","volume":"11","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.03.011","article-title":"An overview of molecular basis of iron metabolism regulation and the associated pathologies","volume":"1852","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.697S","article-title":"Iron-deficiency anemia: reexamining the nature and magnitude of the public health problem. Summary: implications for research and programs","volume":"131","author":"Stoltzfus","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020542","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"347","author":"Suerbaum","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16617","article-title":"Editorial: the never-ending story-Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease","volume":"54","author":"Sugano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12967","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12967","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002050","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002050","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori perturbs iron trafficking in the epithelium to grow on the cell surface","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16255","article-title":"Resolution of iron deficiency following successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children","volume":"111","author":"Tanous","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. (Oslo, Norway: 1992)"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/18-195","article-title":"Effect of Helicobacter pylori treatment on unexplained Iron deficiency Anemia","volume":"23","author":"Tseng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perm. J."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S72724","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection in Chinese patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00404-1","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and Parkinson\u2019s disease: etiology, pathogenesis and levodopa bioavailability","volume":"21","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4636","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i43.4636","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in China from 2014-2023: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13955-3","article-title":"Association of anemia with Helicobacter pylori infection: a retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118903","article-title":"Berberine regulates macrophage polarization through IL-4-STAT6 signaling pathway in Helicobacter pylori-induced chronic atrophic gastritis","volume":"266","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12011","article-title":"Positive relationship between a polymorphism in Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein a gene and iron-deficiency anemia","volume":"18","author":"Yokota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2012.55.6.206","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in children with iron deficiency anemia","volume":"55","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521003663670","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia in Helicobacter pylori infection: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-019-1536-0","article-title":"Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and Iron deficiency Anemia in school-aged Iranian children","volume":"56","author":"Zahmatkeshan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"658","article-title":"Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and serum ferritin level in primary school children of Tehran-Iran","volume":"61","author":"Zamani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60310-5","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of an oral recombinant Helicobacter pylori vaccine in children in China: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"386","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.26442\/terarkh201890417-20","article-title":"The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among urban population","volume":"90","author":"Zhestkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Terapevticheskii Arkhiv."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002546","article-title":"2022 Chinese national clinical practice guideline on Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment","volume":"135","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1552630\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T19:27:36Z","timestamp":1742930856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1552630\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1552630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1552630","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"article-number":"1552630"}}