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Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic inflammation and ulceration in colonic mucosa, accompanied by a defective epithelial barrier.\n                      <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) bacterium is a putative intestinal pathogen with invasive ability, yet its role in UC inflammation and gut barrier disruption is unclear. This study aims to investigate its epidemiological presence, pathogenic roles and preventive strategy during UC inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      culture and PCR amplification of the\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      -specific\n                      <jats:italic>ureR<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene were used to detect fecal P. mirabilis and determine its prevalence in UC and control stool specimens.\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated from UC stool specimens was gavaged into dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mice. Inflammation and the mucus layer of colons were assessed through histological examination and cytokine quantification. Bacteriophages were screened and used to eliminate\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in colitis animals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The fecal\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      bacteria were detected by PCR amplification of\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      -specific\n                      <jats:italic>ureR<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. Of 41 UC patients, 65.9% patients were\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive, which was significantly higher than the controls. Administration of\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      aggravated DSS-induced colitis symptom and mucosal inflammation in mice. Interestingly, the colonic mucus layer, an essential component of the epithelial barrier, of the animals was dramatically disrupted, which was consistent with the alteration of human UC colon. The disrupted mucus layer was mediated by the down-regulation of IL-18 in intestinal epithelium. Importantly, a bacteriophage cocktail targeting\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      could restore the mucus barrier and alleviate the enteric inflammation. Thus, our results suggest that\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a UC pathobiont bacterium, which exacerbates the severity of UC inflammation owing to down-regulation of mucin production and IL-18 expression. Bacteriophage-mediated elimination of\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      may be effective in limiting UC inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1556953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T02:32:29Z","timestamp":1742869949000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Proteus mirabilis exacerbates ulcerative colitis by inhibiting mucin production"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kehui","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minsheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2890","article-title":"Merging mythology and morphology: the multifaceted lifestyle of Proteus mirabilis","volume":"10","author":"Armbruster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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