{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:14:14Z","timestamp":1792617254387,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Balanoposthitis is a common heterogeneous skin condition involving the glans penis and prepuce, and is seen from infancy to old age. Its predisposing factors are intertrigo, lengthy foreskin, localized irritation, and mucosal injury. The itching and skin inflammation at the glans penis seriously affects the quality of life of patients. As a result of advances in high-throughput sequencing technology, the prepuce microbial colonization patterns and glans penis are now known better. Previous studies have shown that an imbalance of flora can cause balanoposthitis. This article summarizes the progress of research on balanoposthitis and skin microecology, and provides a direction for the subsequent exploration of immunological mechanisms in balanoposthitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1564675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T05:44:36Z","timestamp":1742967876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advances in the study of the correlation between balanoposthitis and skin microecology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghua","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249200300211","article-title":"Balanitis (Balanoposthitis) in patients attending a department of genitourinary medicine","volume":"3","author":"Abdullah","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0478","article-title":"Frequency of Bacteria, Candida and Malassezia species in Balanoposthitis","volume":"88","author":"Alsterholm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E756","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1990","article-title":"Male Circumcision","volume":"130","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2005.01144.x","article-title":"Malassezia and Candida colonisation on Glans penis of circumcised men","volume":"48","author":"Arido\u011fan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2008.01535.x","article-title":"Glans penis and prepuce colonisation of yeast Fungi in a Paediatric population: pre- and Postcircumcision results","volume":"52","author":"Aridogan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2011.572862","article-title":"Superficial fungal infections of the male genitalia: a review","volume":"37","author":"Aridogan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.10.010","article-title":"Microbiome, sex hormones, and immune responses in the reproductive tract: challenges for vaccine development against sexually transmitted infections","volume":"32","author":"Brotman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198607000-00009","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis-associated Balanoposthitis","volume":"13","author":"Burdge","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The human skin microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2019.04.021","article-title":"Randomized open-label trial comparing topical prescription triamcinolone to over-the-counter hydrocortisone for the treatment of phimosis","volume":"15","author":"Chamberlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.142483","article-title":"Side-effects of topical steroids: a long overdue revisit","volume":"5","author":"Coondoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.2275","article-title":"Follmann balanitis-an atypical form of primary cutaneous syphilis","volume":"156","author":"Cubir\u00f3","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2020.09.002","article-title":"Anatomy of the mouse penis and internal prepuce","volume":"116","author":"Cunha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13531","article-title":"Comparative risk of genital infections associated with sodium-glucose co-Transporter-2 inhibitors","volume":"21","author":"Dave","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18954","article-title":"2022 European guideline for the management of Balanoposthitis","volume":"37","author":"Edwards","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414533099","article-title":"2013 European guideline for the management of Balanoposthitis","volume":"25","author":"Edwards","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E68","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12485","article-title":"Skin disease of penis and male genitalia is linked to atopy and circumcision: caseload in a male genital dermatology clinic","volume":"58","author":"Elakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(97)70207-X","article-title":"Dermatoses of the Glans penis and prepuce","volume":"37","author":"English","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E25490","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25490","article-title":"Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context - systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Farley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.74.5.364","article-title":"Immunological functions of the human prepuce","volume":"74","author":"Fleiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"217","article-title":"Balanoposthitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes following sexual intercourse","volume":"125","author":"F\u00fczi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Orv. Hetil."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.11.008","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and atopic dermatitis: a complex and evolving relationship","volume":"26","author":"Geoghegan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122312","article-title":"Microbiome In Male Genital Mucosa (Prepuce, Glans, And Coronal Sulcus): A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuro.2014.05.005","article-title":"Clinical study of the effectiveness of the \u201cwater of the 3 sulfates\u201d on balanitis and balanoposthitis","volume":"39","author":"Gonzalvo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Actas Urol Esp"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.036","article-title":"Genomic structure predicts metabolite dynamics in microbial communities","volume":"185","author":"Gowda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171700","article-title":"Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome","volume":"324","author":"Grice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90357-4","article-title":"The neuroanatomical basis for the Protopathic sensibility of the human Glans penis","volume":"371","author":"Halata","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000460","article-title":"Characterisation of clinically isolated Streptococcus pyogenes from Balanoposthitis patients, with special emphasis on Emm89 isolates","volume":"66","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2006.01449.x","article-title":"Foreskin development before adolescence in 2149 schoolboys","volume":"13","author":"Hsieh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-01072-w","article-title":"The updates and implications of cutaneous microbiota in acne","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2019.02.006","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis: strain-specific Cell Wall proteins and skin immunity","volume":"68","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.idoj_197_22","article-title":"Morphological patterns of Balanoposthitis and their correlation with final etiological diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2006.08.004","article-title":"Balanoposthitis with epithelial dysplasia treated by photodynamic therapy","volume":"4","author":"Kawczyk-Krupka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1177\/2058738419866582","article-title":"Urogenital infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: beyond the conventional aspects","volume":"33","author":"La Vignera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13820","article-title":"Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and risk of genital mycotic and urinary tract infection: a population-based study of older women and men with diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Lega","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3833","article-title":"Microbiome profile in patients with adult Balanoposthitis: relationship with redundant prepuce, genital mucosa physical barrier status and inflammation","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0278-4","article-title":"The role of the microbiota in infectious diseases","volume":"4","author":"Libertucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.03966.x","article-title":"Infectious Balanoposthitis: management, clinical and laboratory features","volume":"48","author":"Lisboa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E00076","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00076-13","article-title":"Male circumcision significantly reduces prevalence and load of genital anaerobic Bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02733-w","article-title":"Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on Utis and genital infections in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2001.02375.x","article-title":"Frequency and Spectrum of Malassezia yeasts in the area of the prepuce and Glans penis","volume":"88","author":"Mayser","year":"2001","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030460","article-title":"Experimental models for studying HPV-positive and HPV-negative penile Cancer: new tools for an old disease","volume":"13","author":"Medeiros-Fonseca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44876","article-title":"Lack of clinical AIDS in SIV-infected sooty Mangabeys with significant CD4+ T cell loss is associated with double-negative T cells","volume":"121","author":"Milush","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-010-9581-x","article-title":"Characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from Balanoposthitis patients presumably transmitted by penile-Oral sexual intercourse","volume":"61","author":"Minami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127595","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology, microbiota, and metabolome - a comprehensive review","volume":"281","author":"Mohammad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_377_16","article-title":"Penile inflammatory skin disorders and the preventive role of circumcision","volume":"8","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-21-00811","article-title":"Infant circumcision for sexually transmitted infection risk reduction globally","volume":"10","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.41","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune responses in male and female reproductive tracts in homeostasis and following HIV infection","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E00832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00832","article-title":"Streptococcus pyogenes Balanoposthitis","volume":"21","author":"Norimatsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Idcases"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.11.015","article-title":"The microbiome in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"143","author":"Paller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257276","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1257276","article-title":"Spatial diversity of the skin Bacteriome","volume":"14","author":"P\u00e9rez-Losada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00700","article-title":"Microbiome composition and its impact on the development of allergic diseases","volume":"11","author":"Peroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2013.813904","article-title":"Candida albicans, plasticity and pathogenesis","volume":"41","author":"Poulain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2024.104066","article-title":"Methylene blue@silver Nanoprisms conjugates as a strategy against Candida albicans isolated from Balanoposthitis using photodynamic inactivation","volume":"46","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-5538.IBJU.2013.01.08","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for penile lesions\/anomalies in a cohort of Brazilian men \u2265 40 years of age","volume":"39","author":"Romero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Braz J Urol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000322","article-title":"Balanoposthitis and penile edema: atypical manifestations of primary syphilis","volume":"42","author":"Rovira-L\u00f3pez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01732","article-title":"The human penis is a genuine immunological effector site","volume":"8","author":"Sennepin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-024-04184-5","article-title":"Effectiveness of low to moderate potency topical corticosteroids for phimosis resolution in children: results of a network Meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Shanmugham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043950","article-title":"The skin microbiome: current landscape and future opportunities","volume":"24","author":"Smythe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62563-1","article-title":"Ulcerative Balanoposthitis as the initial manifestation of acute Promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"160","author":"Steinbach","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.23.0256","article-title":"Balanoposthitis","volume":"143","author":"T\u00f8nne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00232","article-title":"The human microbiota, infectious disease, and Global Health: challenges and opportunities","volume":"4","author":"Waldman","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003172","article-title":"Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Balanoposthitis","volume":"137","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0161-6","article-title":"Bacterial communities in penile skin, male urethra, and vaginas of heterosexual couples with and without bacterial vaginosis","volume":"4","author":"Zozaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086939","article-title":"Human Male Genital Tract Microbiota","volume":"24","author":"Zuber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2024.02.017","article-title":"Balanoposthitis in children: analysis of treatment diversity and development of a treatment proposal","volume":"20","author":"Zundel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1564675\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T05:44:44Z","timestamp":1742967884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1564675\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1564675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1564675","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"article-number":"1564675"}}