{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:29:44Z","timestamp":1789010984803,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008061","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Mutua Madrile\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FMM24\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMM24\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI21\/00344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is multifactorial, this study aimed to assess whether phenotypic characteristics, such as biofilm production and quality, along with clinical symptoms, are associated with recurrent VVC (RVVC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over 1\u202fyear (Oct 2021\u2013Oct 2022), we prospectively included 271 patients \u226518\u202fyears who attended our institution, had <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> spp. isolated in vaginal swabs, and provided informed consent. Patients were followed for 1\u202fyear. <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> spp. isolates were tested by the following techniques: crystal violet (CV) for biomass quantification, XTT for metabolic activity quantification, and microscopy for biofilm area quantification. Clinical and microbiological data were also collected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 55 (20.3%) patients experienced at least one recurrence, with 19 (7.0%) meeting the criteria for RVVC (\u22653 episodes\/year), with 65 episodes in total. Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar in both study groups. Most isolates were <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> (90.0%). Median (interquartile, [IQR]) absorbance values for CV and XTT in 18\/19 RVVC and 238\/252 non-RVVC isolates were as follows: CV, 1.850 (1.578\u20132.156) vs. 1.426 (1.081\u20131.823), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.005; XTT, 0.184 (0.116\u20130.293) vs. 0.228 (0.147\u20130.331), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.253. Median (IQR) biofilm occupation area percentage in 16\/19 RVVC and 16\/252 non-RVVC isolates was, respectively: 13.15 (8.54\u201316.9) and 10.73 (5.88\u201317.73), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.710.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>RVVC was associated to high biomass production. Additionally, RVVC clinical isolates exhibited a tendency toward lower metabolic activity, which may contribute to treatment failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1566171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T22:50:08Z","timestamp":1743115808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["New insights in the role of Candida biofilm in the pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a prospective clinical study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"D\u00edaz-Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Irigoyen-von-Sierakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imani","family":"Delc\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadna","family":"Monte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Palomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Escribano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Guinea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almudena","family":"Burillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Galar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Guembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2021.03.002","article-title":"Chronic recurrent vulvovaginitis is not only due to Candida","volume":"38","author":"Arechavala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. 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