{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:25:57Z","timestamp":1790659557394,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Moringa peregrina<\/jats:italic>\n have been extensively studied for their medicinal properties, particularly due to their rich content of bioactive phytocompounds. While their antibacterial effects on Gram-positive bacteria are well documented, there is a paucity of comparative studies on their efficacy against Gram-negative multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains found in arid regions.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Leaf extracts of\n M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n and\n M. peregrina,<\/jats:italic>\n collected from Wadi Ad-Dawasir in Saudi Arabia, were prepared using ethanol, hot aqueous, and cold aqueous extraction methods. Their antibacterial properties were tested against\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Shigella shiga<\/jats:italic>\n using the agar well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays (50\u2013200\u2009\u03bcg\/mL), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phytochemical analysis was conducted using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) and standard qualitative methods. Amoxicillin\u2013clavulanic acid and tetracycline were used as reference antibiotics.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n All extracts showed antibacterial activity, with ethanol extracts producing the largest inhibition zones.\n M. peregrina<\/jats:italic>\n was particularly effective, especially against\n Sh. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n , with an inhibition zone of 24.66\u2009\u00b1\u20090.17\u2009mm, which surpassed that of amoxicillin\u2013clavulanic acid (18.25\u2009\u00b1\u20091.69\u2009mm). The MIC values were generally 50\u2009\u03bcg\/mL for both species, except for the cold extract of\n M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n against\n P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n , which had an MIC of 100\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. GC\u2013MS analysis identified 31 compounds in\n M. peregrina<\/jats:italic>\n , with stigmasterol and\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n -sitosterol being the most abundant. In contrast,\n M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n was characterized by a profile rich in fatty acids. The SEM analysis revealed membrane damage in\n Sh. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n treated with the extracts, which included surface collapse, perforation, and cytoplasmic leakage.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Both\n Moringa species<\/jats:italic>\n demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against clinically important Gram-negative strains, with\n M. peregrina<\/jats:italic>\n occasionally outperforming standard antibiotics. The presence of sterols in the phytochemical profile likely enhances their bactericidal action by targeting bacterial membranes. These results suggest that\n Moringa<\/jats:italic>\n could serve as a viable phytotherapeutic option for addressing the growing challenge of Gram-negative bacterial resistance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1568105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:11:45Z","timestamp":1768205505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antibacterial activity of Moringa leaf extracts against Gram-negative bacteria from Wadi Ad-Dawasir, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Maha S. I.","family":"Wizrah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nourah D.","family":"Aldwsari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab A.","family":"Yahia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.11.029","article-title":"An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants and traditional therapies on Batan Island, the Philippines","volume":"145","author":"Abe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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