{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:50:17Z","timestamp":1792734617080,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a significant global health challenge, underscoring the urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents. Actinomycetes, particularly <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> species, are well known for synthesizing bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. This review explores the diversity and antimicrobial potential of actinomycetes from Saudi Arabia\u2019s unique ecosystems, including terrestrial (soil, rhizosphere), aquatic (marine, freshwater), extreme (deserts, caves, hot springs, mountains, and mangroves), and other unique environments. The adaptation of these microorganisms to harsh environmental conditions has driven the evolution of unique strains with enhanced biosynthetic capacities. Several studies have demonstrated their antimicrobial efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens, including methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>. However, challenges in actinomycete research persist, including difficulties in culturing rare strains, limited genomic characterization, and high production costs. Recent advancements, such as genome mining, metagenomics, AI-driven bioinformatics, and CRISPR-based gene activation, offer promising avenues for unlocking novel antimicrobial compounds. Additionally, synthetic biology, advanced fermentation technologies, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems are enhancing the industrial scalability of actinomycete-derived antibiotics. Beyond antimicrobials, actinomycete-derived compounds show potential applications in oncology, immunotherapy, and agriculture. Alternative therapeutic strategies, including quorum sensing inhibitors, phage therapy, and combination therapies, are being explored to combat AMR. Cutting-edge analytical techniques, such as mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), are essential for structural elucidation and mechanism characterization of new bioactive compounds. To harness Saudi Arabia\u2019s microbial biodiversity effectively, interdisciplinary collaborations between microbiologists, biotechnologists, and pharmaceutical industries are crucial. Sustainable bioprospecting and advanced bioprocessing strategies will facilitate the translation of actinomycete-derived bioactive compounds into clinically viable therapeutics. Expanding research efforts into underexplored Saudi ecosystems can lead to groundbreaking discoveries in antibiotic development and beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1568899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T06:25:46Z","timestamp":1742970346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Exploring the diversity and antimicrobial potential of actinomycetes isolated from different environments in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Noof Refat","family":"Helmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1739","article-title":"Lincomycin antibiotic biosynthesis produced by Streptomyces Sp. isolated from Saudi Arabia soil: I-taxonomical, antimicrobial and insecticidal studies on the producing organism","volume":"6","author":"Ababutain","year":"","journal-title":"Canad. J. Pure Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1905","article-title":"Lincomycin antibiotic biosynthesis produced by Streptomyces Sp. isolated from Saudi Arabia soil: II-extraction, separation and purification of Lincomycin","volume":"6","author":"Ababutain","year":"","journal-title":"Canad. J. Pure Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2016.06.004","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of marine-derived actinomycetes with cytotoxic activity from the Red Sea coast","volume":"6","author":"Abdelfattah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3390\/md8030399","article-title":"Isolation, phylogenetic analysis and anti-infective activity screening of marine sponge-associated actinomycetes","volume":"8","author":"Abdelmohsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.3390\/md12052771","article-title":"Actinomycetes from Red Sea sponges: sources for chemical and phylogenetic diversity","volume":"12","author":"Abdelmohsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.22438\/jeb\/37\/6\/prn.97","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and molecular identification of Streptomyces strains isolated from Saudi Arabia","volume":"37","author":"Abid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"915","article-title":"Antimicrobial agent producing microbes from some Soils' rhizosphere in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, KSA","volume":"6","author":"Abo-Shadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Sci."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.5897\/AJARX11.071","article-title":"Taxonomy and ecology of antibiotic producing actinomycetes","volume":"7","author":"Adegboye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62853","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14777-7","article-title":"Establishment of actinobacteria\u2013Satureja hortensis interactions under future climate CO2-enhanced crop productivity in drought environments of Saudi Arabia","volume":"28","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.51847\/dPfaJ9FIEp","article-title":"Rare Actinomycetes from undiscovered sources as a source of novel antimicrobial agents to control multidrug-resistant Bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Alaidaroos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Res. Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.06.009","article-title":"Resistance to antibiotics: are we in the post-antibiotic era?","volume":"36","author":"Alanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"221","article-title":"Streptomyces griseorubens E44G: a potent antagonist isolated from soil in Saudi Arabia","volume":"8","author":"Al-Askar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"2835","article-title":"In vitro antifungal activity of Streptomyces spororaveus RDS 28 against some phytopathogenic fungi","volume":"6","author":"Al-Askar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3975","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/2205_39753992","article-title":"Biological activity and enzymatic productivity of two thermophilic Actinomycetes isolated from the Uhud Mountain","volume":"22","author":"Albasri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2019.03.009","article-title":"Chemical profiling of Streptomyces sp. Al-Dhabi-2 recovered from an extreme environment in Saudi Arabia as a novel drug source for medical and industrial applications","volume":"26","author":"Al-Dhabi","year":"","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00792-015-0799-1","article-title":"Isolation, identification and screening of antimicrobial thermophilic Streptomyces sp. Al-Dhabi-1 isolated from Tharban hot spring, Saudi Arabia","volume":"20","author":"Al-Dhabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Extremophiles"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2019.12.021","article-title":"Metabolite profiling of Streptomyces sp. Al-Dhabi-100 isolated from the marine environment in Saudi Arabia with anti-bacterial, anti-tubercular and anti-oxidant potentials","volume":"32","author":"Al-Dhabi","year":"","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.09.004","article-title":"Chemical constituents of Streptomyces sp. strain Al-Dhabi-97 isolated from the marine region of Saudi Arabia with antibacterial and anticancer properties","volume":"13","author":"Al-Dhabi","year":"","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.09.012","article-title":"Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles produced from marine Streptomyces sp. Al-Dhabi-89 and their potential applications against wound infection and drug-resistant clinical pathogens","volume":"189","author":"Al-Dhabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.01.065","article-title":"Bioactivity assessment of the Saudi Arabian marine Streptomyces sp. Al-Dhabi-90, metabolic profiling and its in vitro inhibitory property against multidrug resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase clinical bacterial pathogens","volume":"12","author":"Al-Dhabi","year":"","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12257","DOI":"10.3390\/app122312257","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of Streptomyces sp. strain ESS_AMH1 isolated from Apis mellifera yemintica\u2019s gut microbiome, and its anticancer activity against breast cancer (mcf7) and hepatocarcinoma (hepg2) cell lines, as well as antimicrobial activity","volume":"12","author":"Al-Enazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.21608\/nrmj.2023.294180","article-title":"A review on Actinomycetes distribution, isolation, and their medical applications","volume":"7","author":"Alenazi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Novel Res. Microbiol. J."},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Isolation and identification of antimicrobial Actinomycetes strains from Saudi environment","volume-title":"J. Food Agric. Environ.","author":"Al-Garni","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.15.2.56","article-title":"Evaluating desert Actinomycetes for enzyme and antibacterial production","volume":"15","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.21786\/bbrc\/14.1\/50","article-title":"Isolation and screening of actinomycetes from umm Jirsan cave, Saudi Arabia for their antibacterial activity","volume":"14","author":"Al-Ghamdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.13005\/bbra\/2346","article-title":"Novel bioactive molecules from marine actinomycetes","volume":"13","author":"Alharbi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotech. Res. Asia"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1093","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of actinomycetes isolated from terrestrial soil of Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Alharbi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Agric. Environ."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2020.139.149","article-title":"Isolation and molecular identification of two Chitinase producing Bacteria from marine shrimp Shell wastes","volume":"23","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pakistan J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characterization and identification of actinomycetes isolated from contaminated soil in Riyadh","volume":"3","author":"Al-Kadeeb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.21608\/eajbsc.2016.13682","article-title":"Isolation and molecular identification of Streptomyces spp. with antibacterial activity from KSA","volume":"8","author":"Al-Kahtani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Egypt. Acad. J. Biol. Sci. C Physiol. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.36347\/sajb.2023.v11i05.001","article-title":"Metabolites profiling and antimicrobial activity of Actinobacteria associated with plants collected from Thumama in Riyadh region Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Al-Khamash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sch. Acad. J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.22376\/ijpbs\/lpr.2021.11.6.L20-29","article-title":"Active antibiotics production by Actinomycetes indigenous to Saudi Arabia soils: life sciences-microbiology for health care","volume":"11","author":"Alkhelaiwi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Sci. Pharma Res."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10030235","article-title":"Bioactive potential of several actinobacteria isolated from microbiologically barely explored desert habitat, Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Almuhayawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.03.024","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: an update narrative review from Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.06.038","article-title":"Microbial diversity of some sabkha and desert sites in Saudi Arabia","volume":"27","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.103793","article-title":"Potential bioactive secondary metabolites of Actinomycetes sp. isolated from rocky soils of the heritage village Rijal Alma, Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-018-3597-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents of thermophilic bacteria isolated from Saudi hot springs","volume":"44","author":"Alrumman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2018-0056","article-title":"Hydrolytic enzyme production by thermophilic bacteria isolated from Saudi hot springs","volume":"13","author":"Alrumman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.21608\/mb.2022.134787.1055","article-title":"Microbial diversity and abundance in the hot springs on the west coast of Saudi Arabia as a potential source of novel industrial products","volume":"7","author":"AlSediy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4504","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154504","article-title":"Biodiversity of secondary metabolites compounds isolated from phylum actinobacteria and its therapeutic applications","volume":"26","author":"Al-Shaibani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"142","article-title":"Isolation and molecular identification of Streptomyces griseorubens from Al Saman region cave as a producer of antibacterial agent","volume":"10","author":"Aly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Production of non polyenic antifungal agent from Streptomyces sp BM54, isolated from marine shrimps","volume":"1","author":"Aly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crown J. Med."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.9790\/3008-1406034554","article-title":"Unexplored extreme habitats as sources of novel and rare actinomycetes with enzyme and antimicrobial activities","volume":"14","author":"Aly","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOSR"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Nile-water sediments as a source of actinomycetes exhibiting biomedical activity","author":"Aly","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"18","article-title":"High keratinase production and keratin degradation by a mutant strain KR II, derived from Streptomyces radiopugnans KR 12","volume":"12","author":"Aly","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102021","article-title":"Microbiome studies from Saudi Arabia over the last 10 years: achievements, gaps, and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.22317\/jcms.v8i3.1222","article-title":"Diversity and colonization of endophytic Actinomycetes in some medicinal plants","volume":"8","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"Studies on the environmental microbiology and biogeochemistry of desert surface soils","author":"Amasha","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.18006\/2018.6(2).342.351","article-title":"Microbial diversity and phylogenetic studies of some microbes obtained from unexplored caves of Saudi Arabia","volume":"6","author":"Amasha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR12.452","article-title":"Population, morphological and chemotaxonomical characterization of diverse rare actinomycetes in the mangrove and medicinal plant rhizosphere","volume":"7","author":"Ara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"4615","article-title":"Isolation and screening of actinomycetes from Sundarbans soil for antibacterial activity","volume":"9","author":"Arifuzzaman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.36899\/JAPS.2023.1.0605","article-title":"Identification and characterization of different potentially antibacterial compounds from a marine Streptomyces sp. Sp1","volume":"33","author":"Atallah","year":"","journal-title":"JAPS"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2023\/14509","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of two actinomycetes species isolated from black sand in North Egypt","volume":"119","author":"Atallah","year":"","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"98","article-title":"Biotechnological application for producing some antimicrobial agents by actinomycetes isolates from Al-khurmah governorate","volume-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Sci.","author":"Atta","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-011-0073-4","article-title":"Arctic actinomycetes as potential inhibitors of Vibrio cholerae biofilm","volume":"64","author":"Augustine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.21608\/fsrt.2023.246304.1112","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of some Actinomycetes isolated from cultivated soil, Egypt","volume":"1","author":"Awad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Sci. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Extreme habitats of Saudi Arabia as sources of novel Actinomycetes with antimicrobial activities","author":"Bahamdain","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.21786\/bbrc\/13.3\/8","article-title":"Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of some rare Actinomycetes obtained from Al-Lith hot spring area of Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Bahamdain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm."},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"6","article-title":"Antimicrobials from actinomycetes: back to the future","volume":"2","author":"Baltz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbe"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00019-15","article-title":"Taxonomy, physiology, and natural products of Actinobacteria","volume":"80","author":"Barka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2017.608.421","article-title":"Actinomycetes from mountains of Hadhramout\u2013Yemen","volume":"8","author":"Bawazir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2019v11i5.31829","article-title":"An implication of Actinomycetes on human well-being: A review","volume":"11","author":"Bawazir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71664","DOI":"10.24941\/ijcr.31442.07.2018","article-title":"Ecology and distribution of actinomycetes in nature","volume":"10","author":"Bawazir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Res."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2018.03.008","article-title":"Screening of rare actinomycetes isolated from natural wetland ecosystem (Fetzara Lake, northeastern Algeria) for hydrolytic enzymes and antimicrobial activities","volume":"31","author":"Benhadj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2005.1","article-title":"Bioactive microbial metabolites","volume":"58","author":"B\u00e9rdy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-53898-1_58","article-title":"Actinobacteria of the Extremobiosphere","volume-title":"Extremophiles handbook","author":"Bull","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13091022","article-title":"Unveiling the pharmacological significance of marine Streptomyces violaceusniger KS20: isolation, characterization, and assessment of its biomedical applications","volume":"13","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9451-6","article-title":"Actinomycin-producing endophytic Streptomyces parvulus associated with root of aloe vera and optimization of conditions for antibiotic production","volume":"11","author":"Chandrakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiot. Antimicrob. Prot."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2013.38.S14","article-title":"Diversity and versatility of actinomycetes and its role in antibiotic production","volume":"3","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5206-5_1","article-title":"Advances and challenges in studying cave microbial diversity","volume":"1","author":"Cheeptham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cave Microb."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.34302\/crpjfst\/2023.15.4.13","article-title":"Thermophilic Actinobacteria isolated from Tleghma hot spring: a potential source of thermostable \u03b1 -amylase","volume":"15","author":"Cherifa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carpathian J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050483","article-title":"Actinomycetes: A never-ending source of bioactive compounds\u2014an overview on antibiotics production","volume":"10","author":"De Simeis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02927122","article-title":"Thermomonospora sp. T-SA-125 and its production of a growth promoting antibiotic","volume":"24","author":"Dewedar","year":"1979","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.13040\/IJPSR.0975-8232.4(5).1730-42","article-title":"A review on actinomycetes and their biotechnological application","volume":"4","author":"Dilip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.47587\/SA.2020.1102","article-title":"Antibiotic potential of actinomycetes from different environments against human pathogens and microorganisms of industrial importance: a review","volume":"1","author":"Dimri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Arch."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2012.57","article-title":"Microbispora thailandensis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from cave soil","volume":"65","author":"Duangmal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2018.e00275","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of bacteria isolated from Red Sea marine invertebrates","volume":"19","author":"El Samak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2017.05.003","article-title":"Isolation of antimicrobial producing Actinobacteria from soil samples","volume":"25","author":"Elbendary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.11.2.13","article-title":"Characterization of thermophilic Bacteria isolated from two Hot Springs in Jazan, Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"El-Gayar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2008.53","article-title":"Novel bioactive metabolites from a marine derived bacterium Nocardia sp. ALAA 2000","volume":"61","author":"El-Gendy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2020.909.209","article-title":"Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of actinomycetes isolated from Egyptian soils","volume":"9","author":"Elsayed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2014.947066","article-title":"Antibacterial potential of streptomycete strains from Antarctic soils","volume":"28","author":"Encheva-Malinova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020453","article-title":"Actinomycetes from caves: an overview of their diversity, biotechnological properties, and insights for their use in soil environments","volume":"10","author":"Farda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1414-x","article-title":"Spore forming Actinobacterial diversity of Cholistan Desert Pakistan: Polyphasic taxonomy, antimicrobial potential and chemical profiling","volume":"19","author":"Fatima","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio841","article-title":"Developing a new resource for drug discovery: marine actinomycete bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Fenical","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60092-1","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of potential antibiotic producing actinomycetes from water and sediments of Lake Tana, Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Gebreyohannes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fnv158","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnv158","article-title":"Antimicrobial biosynthetic potential and genetic diversity of endophytic actinomycetes associated with medicinal plants","volume":"362","author":"Gohain","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-68233-4","volume-title":"Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.11.001","article-title":"Susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by flow cytometry analysis and characterization of novel lead drug molecule from Streptomyces species","volume":"14","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-52-1-77","article-title":"Knoellia sinensis gen. Nov., sp. nov. and Knoellia subterranea sp. nov., two novel actinobacteria isolated from a cave","volume":"52","author":"Groth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3126\/njst.v10i0.2957","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of antibacterial actinomycetes from soil samples of Kalapatthar, Mount Everest region","volume":"10","author":"Gurung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nepal J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.13.4.30","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of marine Actinomycetes and the optimization of culture conditions for the production of antimicrobial agent (s)","volume":"13","author":"Hamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2018.10.010","article-title":"A study on actinobacterial diversity of Hampoeil cave and screening of their biological activities","volume":"26","author":"Hamedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.22587\/aeb.2021.15.12.2","article-title":"Screening Different Desert soils in Makkah Province to detect novel antibiotics producing Actinomycetes","volume":"15","author":"Hausawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-023-00612-8","article-title":"Biodiversity and biological applications of marine actinomycetes\u2014Abu-Qir Bay, Mediterranean Sea, Egypt","volume":"21","author":"Hegazy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Genetic Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/md7010024","article-title":"Actinomycetes for marine drug discovery isolated from mangrove soils and plants in China","volume":"7","author":"Hong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"2295","article-title":"Screening the Egyptian desert actinomycetes as candidates for new antimicrobial compounds and identification of a new desert Streptomyces strain","volume":"10","author":"Hozzein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics7020044","article-title":"Concepts and methods to access novel antibiotics from actinomycetes","volume":"7","author":"Hug","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103352","article-title":"Isolation and extraction of some compounds that act as antimicrobials from actinomycetes","volume":"29","author":"Ibnouf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2021.10.004","article-title":"Microbiome of Pukzing cave in India shows high antimicrobial activity against plant and animal pathogens","volume":"113","author":"Iquebal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/md19070365","article-title":"Marine actinomycetes, new sources of biotechnological products","volume":"19","author":"Jagannathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"26","article-title":"Isolation and identification of some antimicrobial producing bacteria from caves in Summan plateau, Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Jastaniah","year":"","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.18006\/2019.7(2).222.232","article-title":"Inhibition of some human bacterial pathogens using Streptomyces sp. SD5 obtained from soil sample from Jeddah","volume":"7","author":"Jastaniah","year":"","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"47","article-title":"Actinomycete diversity in unusual habitats","volume-title":"Actinomycetes","author":"Jiang","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/01490450152467831","article-title":"Microbial activity in caves\u2212 A geological perspective","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geomicrobiol. J."},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"109","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of antibiotic producing actinomycetes from marine soil samples","volume":"4","author":"Kalyani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"250","article-title":"Fascinating diversity and potent biological activities of Actinomycete metabolites","volume-title":"J. Pharm. Res.","author":"Kekuda","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.21786\/bbrc\/13.4\/32","article-title":"Enhancing plant growth by chicken feather compost obtained from feather degradation by Streptomyces enissocaesilis","volume":"13","author":"Khalel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotech. Res. C"},{"key":"ref109","first-page":"412","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of some plant growth promoting actinomycetes from cultivated soil for management of some pathogenic microbes","volume":"39","author":"Khallaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"357","article-title":"Selective isolation of rare actinomycetes producing novel antimicrobial compounds","volume-title":"Int. J. Adv. Biotechnol. Res.","author":"Khanna","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"23","article-title":"Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Streptomyces sp. from Lonar Lake","volume":"8","author":"Kharat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB11.3339","article-title":"Thermo-aerobic bacteria from geothermal springs in Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Khiyami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref113","first-page":"603","article-title":"Characterization of a novel strain of the genus Actinopolyspora, an extremely halophilic actinomycete isolated from Saudi Arabia","volume-title":"Life Sci. J.","author":"Kiki","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2024.07.013","article-title":"Systematic review and Meta-analysis on antimicrobial resistance and drug resistance in Saudi Arabia","volume":"39","author":"Kiran","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/32.4.515","article-title":"Fungal and actinomycete spores as pollutants of the workplace and occupational allergens","volume":"32","author":"Lacey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.36877\/pmmb.a0000024","article-title":"A review on mangrove actinobacterial diversity: the roles of Streptomyces and novel species discovery","volume":"2","author":"Law","year":"2019","journal-title":"Progress Microb. Biol."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010287600557","article-title":"Rare genera of actinomycetes as potential producers of new antibiotics","volume":"78","author":"Lazzarini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/698178","article-title":"Diversity and antimicrobial activities of actinobacteria isolated from tropical mangrove sediments in Malaysia","volume":"2014","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-018-1145-2","article-title":"Georgenia alba sp. nov., a novel halotolerant actinobacterium isolated from a desert sand sample","volume":"112","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2713-y","article-title":"Actinobacterial community in Shuanghe cave using culture-dependent and-independent approaches","volume":"35","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2741\/373","article-title":"Antibacterial agents from actinomycetes-a review","author":"Mahajan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Elite"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00204","article-title":"Coral-associated actinobacteria: diversity, abundance, and biotechnological potentials","volume":"7","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66984-w","article-title":"Streptomyces sp SM01 isolated from Indian soil produces a novel antibiotic picolinamycin effective against multi drug resistant bacterial strains","volume":"10","author":"Maiti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06218-y","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Actinobacteria isolated from dry land soil in Yazd, Iran","volume":"48","author":"Majidzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101310","article-title":"Bacterial antibiotic resistance: the most critical pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Mancuso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.21161\/mjm.03212","article-title":"Isolation, identification and molecular characterization of rare actinomycetes from mangrove ecosystem of Nizampatnam","volume":"8","author":"Mangamuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malaysian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.9734\/BBJ\/2014\/6424","article-title":"Exploration of actinobacteria from mangrove ecosystems of Nizampatnam and Coringa for antimicrobial compounds and industrial enzymes","volume":"4","author":"Mangamuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2017.20","article-title":"Endophytic actinomycetes: promising source of novel bioactive compounds","volume":"70","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.18.1.48","article-title":"Actinomycetes: isolation, cultivation and its active biomolecules","volume":"18","author":"Meenakshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9080494","article-title":"An update on molecular tools for genetic engineering of actinomycetes\u2014the source of important antibiotics and other valuable compounds","volume":"9","author":"Mitousis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-008-1626-8","article-title":"Distribution of actinomycetes, their antagonistic behaviour and the physico-chemical characteristics of the world\u2019s largest tidal mangrove forest","volume":"80","author":"Mitra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2013.11946","article-title":"Halotolerant streptomycetes isolated from soil at Taif region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) I: purification, salt tolerance range, biological and molecular identification","volume":"12","author":"Mohamed","year":"","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2013.11945","article-title":"Molecular studies on some soil-Streptomyces strains of western region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)","volume":"12","author":"Mohamed","year":"","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref134","first-page":"115","article-title":"Isolation and screening of actinomycetes from marine sediments for their potential to produce antimicrobials","volume":"2","author":"Mohanraj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Sci. Pharma Res."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2021.12.012","article-title":"Streptomyces sp. 1S1 isolated from southern coast of the Red Sea as a renewable natural resource of several bioactive compounds","volume":"30","author":"Mothana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref136","first-page":"12","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of soil actinomycetes isolated from Alkharj, KSA","volume-title":"Int. Res. J. Microbiol.","author":"Muharram","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9929.1000267","article-title":"Red Sea microbial diversity for antimicrobial and anticancer agents","volume":"7","author":"Nadeem","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biomark Diagn."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050","volume":"404","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref139","first-page":"48","article-title":"Selective isolation and antimicrobial activity of rare actinomycetes from mangrove sediment of Karwar","volume-title":"J. Ecobiotechnol.","author":"Naikpatil","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5915","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28155915","article-title":"Bioactive metabolites from terrestrial and marine actinomycetes","volume":"28","author":"Ngamcharungchit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2017.11.012","article-title":"Desert actinobacteria as a source of bioactive compounds production with a special emphases on Pyridine-2, 5-diacetamide a new pyridine alkaloid produced by Streptomyces sp. DA3-7","volume":"207","author":"Nithya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref142","first-page":"117","article-title":"Diversity and antimicrobial potential of culturable actinobacteria from desert soils of Saudi Arabia","volume-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Res.","author":"Nithya","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-008-9295-2","article-title":"Diversity of culturable actinomycetes in hyper-arid soils of the Atacama Desert, Chile","volume":"95","author":"Okoro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3822","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46050238","article-title":"Actinomycetes associated with arthropods as a source of new bioactive compounds","volume":"46","author":"Olano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-016-1708-6","article-title":"The isolation of tetrangomycin from terrestrial Streptomyces sp. CAH29: evaluation of antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-MRSA activity","volume":"25","author":"\u00d6zakin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref146","first-page":"384","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Actinomycetes from soil and evaluation of antibacterial activities of Actinomycetes against pathogens","volume":"2","author":"Pandey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Biol. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2014.46039","article-title":"Dynamism of antimicrobial activity of actinomycetes\u2014a case study from undisturbed microbial niche","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref148","article-title":"The lava caves of Khaybar, Saudi Arabia","author":"Pint","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3218","DOI":"10.1039\/C6SC04265A","article-title":"Formicamycins, antibacterial polyketides produced by Streptomyces formicae isolated from African Tetraponera plant-ants","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93285-7","article-title":"Isolation, characterization, anti-MRSA evaluation, and in-silico multi-target anti-microbial validations of actinomycin X2 and actinomycin D produced by novel Streptomyces smyrnaeus UKAQ_23","volume":"11","author":"Qureshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-006-9206-5","article-title":"Studies on bacterioplankton and inhibitory strains of aquatic actinomycetes in Lake Bardawil, Egypt","volume":"23","author":"Rabeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref152","first-page":"11","article-title":"Actinobacterial diversity of mangrove environment of the Bhitherkanika mangroves, east coast of Orissa, India","volume":"2","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Publ."},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-009-0113-4","article-title":"Screening of marine actinomycetes isolated from the bay of Bengal, India for antimicrobial activity and industrial enzymes","volume":"25","author":"Ramesh","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00387","article-title":"Cave actinobacteria as producers of bioactive metabolites","volume":"10","author":"Rangseekaew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1021\/np200320u","article-title":"Chaxamycins A\u2013D, bioactive ansamycins from a hyper-arid desert Streptomyces sp","volume":"74","author":"Rateb","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.21608\/eajbsg.2017.16325","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of some Actinomycete strains isolated from the Sinai Egypt soils","volume":"9","author":"Refaat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt. Acad. J. Biol. Sci. G. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.13057\/biodiv\/d18032","article-title":"Diversity of antibiotic-producing actinomycetes in mangrove forest of Torosiaje, Gorontalo, Indonesia","volume":"18","author":"Retnowati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biodiv. J. Biol. Divers."},{"key":"ref158","first-page":"100","article-title":"Diverse of enzymatically active actinomycetes associated with mangrove Rhizospher in Jazan coast","volume":"4","author":"Reyad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111691","article-title":"Diversity and bioactive potential of actinobacteria isolated from a coastal marine sediment in northern Portugal","volume":"8","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001839","article-title":"Streptomyces jeddahensis sp. nov., an oleaginous bacterium isolated from desert soil","volume":"67","author":"R\u00f6ttig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-6132-7_18","article-title":"An overview of biomedical, biotechnological, and industrial applications of actinomycetes","author":"Ruwandeepika","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natural products from actinomycetes: Diversity, ecology and drug discovery"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02770-8","article-title":"Bioprospecting of desert actinobacteria with special emphases on griseoviridin, mitomycin C and a new bacterial metabolite producing Streptomyces sp. PU-KB10\u20134","volume":"23","author":"Saleem","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201000107","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis and antimicrobial activities of Streptomyces isolates from mangrove sediment","volume":"51","author":"Satheeja","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref164","first-page":"1464","article-title":"Isolation, identification and antagonistic activity of marine actinomycetes isolated from the Muthupet mangrove environment","volume":"2","author":"Sathiyaseelan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Arch."},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-021-00099-7","article-title":"Isolation and optimized production of putative antimicrobial compounds from Egyptian soil isolate Streptomyces sp. MS. 10","volume":"10","author":"Sebak","year":"2021","journal-title":"BeniSuef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00156-9","article-title":"Secondary metabolites and biodiversity of actinomycetes","volume":"19","author":"Selim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genetic Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0495-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of actinomycetes isolated from unexplored regions of Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem","volume":"15","author":"Sengupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050783","article-title":"Actinomycetes from the Red Sea sponge Coscinoderma mathewsi: isolation, diversity, and potential for bioactive compounds discovery","volume":"8","author":"Shamikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref169","first-page":"801","article-title":"Actinomycetes: source, identification, and their applications","volume-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci.","author":"Sharma","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2017v9i10.15402","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of actinomycetes from soil of ad Dawadmi, Saudi Arabia and screening their antibacterial activities","volume":"9","author":"Sheik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.28557.13285","article-title":"Gas chromatography and mass Spectrum analysis of the selective diversity of Actinobacteria isolated from extreme environments in Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Shinwari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01014","article-title":"Thermophilic and alkaliphilic Actinobacteria: biology and potential applications","volume":"6","author":"Shivlata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11072612","article-title":"Antibiotic producing potentials of three freshwater actinomycetes isolated from the eastern Cape Province of South Africa","volume":"11","author":"Sibanda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01767","article-title":"Diversity and applications of endophytic actinobacteria of plants in special and other ecological niches","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.37349\/eds.2024.00038","article-title":"Mini-review on the antimicrobial potential of actinobacteria associated with seagrasses","volume":"2","author":"Siro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Explorat. Drug Sci."},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2012.06.005","article-title":"Marine actinomycetes: an ongoing source of novel bioactive metabolites","volume":"167","author":"Subramani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5229-7","article-title":"Culturable rare Actinomycetes: diversity, isolation and marine natural product discovery","volume":"97","author":"Subramani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3390\/md17050249","article-title":"Marine rare actinomycetes: a promising source of structurally diverse and unique novel natural products","volume":"17","author":"Subramani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082086","article-title":"An overview of antimicrobial resistance in Saudi Arabia (2013\u20132023) and the need for national surveillance","volume":"11","author":"Thabit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2011.562482","article-title":"Rare actinomycetes: a potential storehouse for novel antibiotics","volume":"32","author":"Tiwari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2012.709819","article-title":"Diversity and isolation of rare actinomycetes: an overview","volume":"39","author":"Tiwari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref182","first-page":"77","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antiangiogenesis activity of Streptomyces parvulus KUAP106 from mangrove soil","volume":"2","author":"Usha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60078-1","article-title":"Antimicrobial potential of Actinomycetes species isolated from marine environment","volume":"2","author":"Valli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0379-y","article-title":"Ecology and genomics of Actinobacteria: new concepts for natural product discovery","volume":"18","author":"van Bergeijk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref185","first-page":"823","article-title":"Isolation, screening and preliminary identification of endophytic actinobacteria from mangroves at Shankou of Guangxi Province","volume":"37","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2018.0176","article-title":"Culturomics-based taxonomic diversity of bacterial communities in the hot springs of Saudi Arabia","volume":"23","author":"Yasir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Omics"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1179\/1120009X12Z.0000000001","article-title":"Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: prevalence and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"24","author":"Yezli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref188","first-page":"1","article-title":"Selection of Streptomyces isolates from Turkish karstic caves against antibiotic resistant microorganisms","volume":"23","author":"Y\u00fccel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064229311040132","article-title":"Extremophilic and extremotolerant actinomycetes in different soil types","volume":"44","author":"Zenova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eurasian Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.078295-0","article-title":"Eliciting antibiotics active against the ESKAPE pathogens in a collection of actinomycetes isolated from mountain soils","volume":"160","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.15414\/jmbfs.2019.8.4.1057-1065","article-title":"Novel actinobacterial diversity in Kazakhstan deserts soils as a source of new drug leads","volume":"8","author":"Ziyat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.9.16139","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Saudi Arabia: an urgent call for an immediate action","volume":"37","author":"Zowawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1689464","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1568899\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T16:51:33Z","timestamp":1756745493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1568899\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"references-count":192,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1568899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1568899","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1689464","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"article-number":"1568899"}}