{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:41:52Z","timestamp":1792186912669,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacteriophages, which are natural bacterial predators, demonstrate potential as safe and effective biological control agents against drug-resistant infections. This study aims to characterize the biological properties of the novel lytic phage vB_SmaS_QH3 and comprehensively evaluate its efficacy in preventing and controlling clinically multidrug resistance <jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic> infections using both <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The phage was isolated from hospital sewage using the multidrug resistant <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic> no. 3738 as the host. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe phage morphology, and the host range was determined via spot assays. Proliferation kinetics, including multiplicity of infection (MOI), adsorption rate, and one-step growth curves, were analyzed. Stability was assessed under various physicochemical conditions. Based on Illumina whole-genome sequencing data, bioinformatics tools were employed for gene annotation, functional prediction, and phylogenetic analysis. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A lytic phage vB_SmaS_QH3 was isolated from hospital sewage. TEM revealed that it belongs to the class Caudoviricetes, featuring an icosahedral head (62\u202f\u00b1\u202f3\u202fnm) and a non-contractile long tail (121\u202f\u00b1\u202f5\u202fnm). Although the phage has a narrow host range, it exhibits cross-genus infectivity, lysing <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic> (11\/81) and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (3\/24). The optimal MOI for phage vB_SmaS_QH3 is 0.01, with an adsorption rate of 49.16% within 20\u202fmin, a latent period of 40\u202fmin, a lytic period of 50\u202fmin, and a burst size of 41.67 plaque-forming units\/cell. The phage remained stable at 4\u201360\u00b0C, at pH 3\u201311, and in chloroform, but it was completely inactivated following 20-min exposure to UV irradiation. Genomic analysis showed a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 43,085\u202fbp with a GC content of 54.2%, containing 54 predicted ORFs, and no virulence or antibiotic resistance genes were detected. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, vB_SmaS_QH3 effectively inhibited bacterial growth within 9\u202fh. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>, it significantly improved the survival rate of <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> larvae infected with <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>, regardless of the treatment timing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>vB_SmaS_QH3 is a narrow host range lytic phage with a safe genome and excellent stability. It exhibits significant antibacterial activity both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, making it a promising candidate for therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1570665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T14:48:11Z","timestamp":1744382891000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characterization of the novel cross-genus phage vB_SmaS_QH3 and evaluation of its antibacterial efficacy against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanmin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jideng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangren","family":"A","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/v9040070","article-title":"How to name and classify your phage: an informal guide","volume":"9","author":"Adriaenssens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061202","article-title":"Biological traits and comprehensive genomic analysis of novel Enterococcus faecalis bacteriophage EFP6","volume":"12","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D690","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac920","article-title":"CARD 2023: expanded curation, support for machine learning, and resistome prediction at the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"51","author":"Alcock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-75","article-title":"The RAST server: rapid annotations using subsystems technology","volume":"9","author":"Aziz","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897531","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.897531","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of vB_kpnM_17-11, a novel phage efficient against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"12","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00019-11","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging global opportunistic pathogen","volume":"25","author":"Brooke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.864553","article-title":"New strategies Againststenotrophomonas maltophilia: a serious worldwide intrinsically drug-resistant opportunistic pathogen","volume":"12","author":"Brooke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003019","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00030-19","article-title":"Advances in the microbiology of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"34","author":"Brooke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-019-01681-z","article-title":"Biological properties and genomics analysis of vB_KpnS_GH-K3, a Klebsiella phage with a putative depolymerase-like protein","volume":"55","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Gene"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01519-10","article-title":"Functional analysis of the Holin-like proteins of mycobacteriophage Ms6","volume":"193","author":"Catal\u00e3o","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1","article-title":"tRNAscan-SE: searching for tRNA genes in genomic sequences","volume-title":"Methods in molecular biology","author":"Chan","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00893","article-title":"Update on infections caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with particular attention to resistance mechanisms and therapeutic options","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-4100-7","article-title":"Structural analysis and proteomics studies on the Myoviridae vibriophage M4","volume":"164","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2022.167719","article-title":"Characterization of a primordial major capsid-scaffolding protein complex in icosahedral virus shell assembly","volume":"434","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0311-5","article-title":"Phage diversity, genomics and phylogeny","volume":"18","author":"Dion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.032797-0","article-title":"Characterization of a broad-host-range flagellum-dependent phage that mediates high-efficiency generalized transduction in, and between, Serratia and Pantoea","volume":"156","author":"Evans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265011","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1265011","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of three novel lytic phages against K54 serotype carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"13","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"489","article-title":"The bacteriophage DNA packaging machine","volume-title":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","author":"Feiss","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-024-02388-9","article-title":"Bacteriophage \u03bb exonuclease and a 5\u2032-phosphorylated DNA guide allow PAM-independent targeting of double-stranded nucleic acids","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10101226","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment strategies for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: a focus on novel therapies","volume":"10","author":"Gibb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e956","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00288-9","article-title":"Efficacy of phage therapy in preclinical models of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"G\u00f3mez-Ochoa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microb."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.02.006","article-title":"Characterization of Enterococcus faecium bacteriophage IME-EFm5 and its endolysin LysEFm5","volume":"492","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology (Lond)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00066-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00066-18","article-title":"Phage therapy in the postantibiotic era","volume":"32","author":"Gordillo Altamirano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6651","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv625","article-title":"Primase-polymerases are a functionally diverse superfamily of replication and repair enzymes","volume":"43","author":"Guilliam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa008","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa008","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas bacteremia antibiotic susceptibility and prognostic determinants: mayo clinic 10-year experience","volume":"7","author":"Hamdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1894-8","article-title":"The arms race between bacteria and their phage foes","volume":"577","author":"Hampton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001237","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1001237","article-title":"Potential application of a newly isolated phage BUCT609 infecting Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2021.198465","article-title":"Biochemical and genomic characterization of a novel bacteriophage BUCT555 lysing Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"301","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-080219-122208","article-title":"Phage therapy for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections","volume":"73","author":"Hatfull","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"181","article-title":"Viral genomic DNA packaging machinery","volume-title":"Subcellular biochemistry","author":"Hawkins","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.10.025","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia resistance to trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole mediated by acquisition of sul and dfrA genes in a plasmid-mediated class 1 integron","volume":"37","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0021321","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00213-21","article-title":"Overview of changes to the clinical and laboratory standards institute performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, M100, 31st edition","volume":"59","author":"Humphries","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12790-6","article-title":"Structural transitions during the scaffolding-driven assembly of a viral capsid","volume":"10","author":"Ignatiou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00391-13","article-title":"Modeling Klebsiella pneumoniae pathogenesis by infection of the wax moth Galleria mellonella","volume":"81","author":"Insua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.2147\/idr.s253949","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections: clinical characteristics and factors associated with mortality of hospitalized patients","volume":"13","author":"Insuwanno","year":"2020","journal-title":"IDR"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084025","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1084025","article-title":"Isolation of bacteriophages infecting Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and genomic characterization of novel phage vB_XooS_NR08 for biocontrol of bacterial leaf blight of rice","volume":"14","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-014-1655-7","article-title":"Natural solution to antibiotic resistance: bacteriophages \u2018The Living Drugs\u2019","volume":"30","author":"Jassim","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.12.021","article-title":"Preventive effect of the phage VB-SavM-JYL01 on rabbit necrotizing pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"229","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2021.107758","article-title":"Manufacturing of bacteriophages for therapeutic applications","volume":"49","author":"Jo\u00e3o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1646126","article-title":"Factors determining phage stability\/activity: challenges in practical phage application","volume":"17","author":"Jo\u0144czyk-Matysiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.01.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of LysSS, a novel phage endolysin, against Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01043-13","article-title":"Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform","volume":"79","author":"Kozich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v33i2.3","article-title":"A multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolate from Kamuzu Central Hospital, Malawi","volume":"33","author":"Kumwenda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mal. Med. J"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"141","article-title":"Phage host range and efficiency of plating","volume-title":"Methods in molecular biology","author":"Kutter","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2315","article-title":"Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Labrie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06094-11","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of total-genome-sequenced bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Larsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1997.0722","article-title":"Relationship between the morphology of bacteriophages and their persistence in the environment","volume":"35","author":"Lasobras","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D708","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx932","article-title":"Virus taxonomy: the database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)","volume":"46","author":"Lefkowitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01554","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of novel lytic bacteriophages infecting epidemic carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0403022","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04030-22","article-title":"Efficacy in Galleria mellonella larvae and application potential assessment of a new bacteriophage BUCT700 extensively lyse Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400700","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1400700","article-title":"Characterization and genomic analysis of a lytic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia short-tailed phage A1432 revealed a new genus of the family Mesyanzhinovviridae","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.09.015","article-title":"Multidrug resistance in clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: roles of integrons, efflux pumps, phosphoglucomutase (SpgM), and melanin and biofilm formation","volume":"35","author":"Liaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071268","article-title":"The safety and toxicity of phage therapy: a review of animal and clinical studies","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D687","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1080","article-title":"VFDB 2019: a comparative pathogenomic platform with an interactive web interface","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2174\/1872208316666220512121205","article-title":"Review on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging multidrug- resistant opportunistic pathogen","volume":"16","author":"Majumdar","year":"2022","journal-title":"BIOT"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2017.05.014","article-title":"Formulation, stabilisation and encapsulation of bacteriophage for phage therapy","volume":"249","author":"Malik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.007","article-title":"Phage adsorption to Lactobacillus plantarum: influence of physiological and environmental factors","volume":"138","author":"Marc\u00f3","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006222","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00062-22","article-title":"Reassessment of historical clinical trials supports the effectiveness of phage therapy","volume":"35","author":"Marongiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061057","article-title":"The potential of phage therapy against the emerging opportunistic pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"13","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176338","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of the novel bacteriophage AXL3 against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"21","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3396","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx440","article-title":"VICTOR: genome-based phylogeny and classification of prokaryotic viruses","volume":"33","author":"Meier-Kolthoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlac040","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac040","article-title":"Clinical challenges Treatingstenotrophomonas maltophiliainfections: an update","volume":"4","author":"Mojica","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111268","article-title":"VIRIDIC\u2014a novel tool to calculate the intergenomic similarities of prokaryote-infecting viruses","volume":"12","author":"Moraru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020635","article-title":"Bacteriophage-encoded DNA polymerases\u2014beyond the traditional view of polymerase activities","volume":"23","author":"Morcinek-Or\u0142owska","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0279-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections","volume":"26","author":"Nicodemo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14599","article-title":"A holin\/peptidoglycan hydrolase-dependent protein secretion system","author":"Palmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1848-y","article-title":"The isolation and characterization of two Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteriophages capable of cross-taxonomic order infectivity","volume":"16","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.09.004","article-title":"Phage assembly and the special role of the portal protein","volume":"31","author":"Prevelige","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950737","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.950737","article-title":"Genomic characterization of a new phage BUCT541 against Klebsiella pneumoniae K1-ST23 and efficacy assessment in mouse and Galleria mellonella larvae","volume":"13","author":"Pu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-356","article-title":"Structure and assembly of bacteriophage T4 head","volume":"7","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2013.07.004","article-title":"Topological and phylogenetic analyses of bacterial holin families and superfamilies","volume":"1828","author":"Reddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref73","author":"Said","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.12.006","article-title":"Can MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry reasonably type bacteria?","volume":"25","author":"Sauget","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2024.01.010","article-title":"Evaluating the stability of lytic and lysogenic bacteriophages in various protectants","volume":"113","author":"Selcuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_16_430","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: from trivial to grievous","volume":"35","author":"Singhal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2020.2833","article-title":"The phage Holin HolGH15 exhibits potential as an antibacterial agent to control Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.017","article-title":"Phage therapy: from biological mechanisms to future directions","volume":"186","author":"Strathdee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0207121","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02071-21","article-title":"Considerations for the use of phage therapy in clinical practice","volume":"66","author":"Suh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2007.08.045","article-title":"Rz\/Rz1 lysis gene equivalents in phages of gram-negative hosts","volume":"373","author":"Summer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122815","article-title":"Influence of physicochemical factors on adsorption of ten Shigella flexneri phages","volume":"14","author":"Tomat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.11.198606","article-title":"PhageAI - bacteriophage life cycle recognition with machine learning and natural language processing","author":"Tynecki","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02556-y","article-title":"Characterization of phage HZY2308 against Acinetobacter baumannii and identification of phage-resistant bacteria","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.09.001","article-title":"Levofloxacin-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: risk factors and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in hospitalized patients","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009x.2016.1156892","article-title":"Galleria mellonella as a model system to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial agents against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection","volume":"29","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081709","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of the lytic Pseudoxanthomonas kaohsiungensi phage PW916","volume":"14","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005595","DOI":"10.1101\/096412","article-title":"Unicycler: resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads","volume":"13","author":"Wick","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02113-06","article-title":"Characterization of extended-host-range pseudo-T-even bacteriophage Kpp95 isolated on Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"73","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2022.206","article-title":"Relationship between phage lytic spectra and sequence types in extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated in Japan","volume":"75","author":"Yamamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1570665\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T14:48:13Z","timestamp":1744382893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1570665\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1570665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1570665","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"article-number":"1570665"}}