{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T02:01:20Z","timestamp":1793325680541,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen and enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) play crucial roles in maintaining the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria. Mutations in the biosynthetic pathways of LPS and ECA may lead to accumulation of intermediates, resulting in morphological changes and activation of stress responses. However, the functional consequences of abrogation of both O-antigen and ECA synthesis in <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhimurium (<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium) are not well investigated. In this study, we generated single and double-deletion mutants of <jats:italic>rfbB<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rffG<\/jats:italic>, encoding dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase paralogs that are important in the synthesis of both O-antigen and ECA. Importantly, mutations in the dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase encoding gene in humans are known to cause Catel-Manzke syndrome, a rare genetic disease. All four strains, i.e., wild type (WT), \u0394<jats:italic>rfbB<\/jats:italic>, \u0394<jats:italic>rffG<\/jats:italic> and \u0394<jats:italic>rfbB<\/jats:italic>\u0394<jats:italic>rffG<\/jats:italic>, grew well in rich Luria Bertani (LB) liquid media at 37\u00b0C; however, the functional loss of both <jats:italic>rfbB<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rffG<\/jats:italic>, but not in single-deletion strains, resulted in round cell morphology and smaller colony size in LB agar plates. There was no significant differences in the growth of the four strains in minimal media at 37\u00b0C (nutritional deficiency), in LB at 42\u00b0C (high temperature), acidic pH or LB with 3\u20134% NaCl (high osmolarity; however the \u0394<jats:italic>rfbB<\/jats:italic>\u0394<jats:italic>rffG<\/jats:italic> strain was hypersensitive to bile and cell wall-targeting antibiotics). These results demonstrated that the \u0394<jats:italic>rfbB<\/jats:italic>\u0394<jats:italic>rffG<\/jats:italic> strain was sensitive to some stress conditions. Interestingly, the \u0394<jats:italic>rfbB<\/jats:italic>\u0394<jats:italic>rffG<\/jats:italic> strain displayed an altered LPS profile, autoaggregated rapidly compared to the WT and the single mutant strains and showed high N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN) fluorescence indicating greater surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis identified flagellar and SPI-1 pathways to be highly downregulated in \u0394<jats:italic>rfbB<\/jats:italic>\u0394<jats:italic>rffG<\/jats:italic> which led to impaired swimming as well as swarming motility, lower adhesion and invasion of HeLa cells. Importantly, the \u0394<jats:italic>rfbB<\/jats:italic>\u0394<jats:italic>rffG<\/jats:italic> strain was less proficient in colonizing Peyer\u2019s patches, spleen and liver, was unable to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and was attenuated in both the oral and intraperitoneal models of <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium infection in mice. Overall, this study highlights the importance of <jats:italic>rfbB<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rffG<\/jats:italic> in maintaining cell wall and cell membrane integrity, colony and cellular morphology, motility and virulence in <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1572117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T21:47:47Z","timestamp":1747864067000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Functional loss of rffG and rfbB, encoding dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, alters colony morphology, cell shape, motility and virulence in Salmonella Typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Subhashish","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pip","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel P.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanmoy","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taru","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aagosh Kishor","family":"Karhale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepti","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mrinmoy","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pritam","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipankar","family":"Nandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(01)00694-3","article-title":"Toward a structural understanding of the dehydratase mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Allard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.4470","article-title":"The crystal structure of dTDP-d-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (RmlB) from Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, the second enzyme in the dTDP-l-rhamnose pathway","volume":"307","author":"Allard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11872","DOI":"10.1021\/ja035796r","article-title":"The structure of NADH in the enzyme dTDP-d-glucose dehydratase (RmlB)","volume":"125","author":"Beis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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