{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T03:52:41Z","timestamp":1792900361314,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The continuous emergence of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria highlights the persistent importance of discovering and developing new antibiotics. Endophytic species are an infinite source of several medicinally essential secondary metabolites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study focuses on isolating secondary metabolites from the endophytic <jats:italic>Fusarium oxysporum<\/jats:italic> TPL11 fungus of <jats:italic>Tradescantia pallida<\/jats:italic> plant. These fungi were spectrally analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the structures were predicted. The pure compounds were tested for antagonistic susceptibility to multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens using disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), time-kill kinetics, and cytotoxicity assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bioactivity-guided extraction of ethyl acetate fungal extract purification yielded a lead compound, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DTB), which was interpreted by combining <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H NMR, <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C NMR, and mass spectrometry (MS) data. The compound DTB displayed antagonism against human pathogens with diameters ranging from 16 to 26 mm. The highest antagonistic effect was against methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) (ATCC 700699) and VRE (ATCC 51299) with 21 \u00b1 0.2 and 22 \u00b1 0.5 mm zones of inhibition, respectively. The compound had MICs of 3.12 and 6.25 \u03bcg\/mL, and MBCs of 0.78 and 3.12 \u03bcg\/mL against MRSA (ATCC 700699) and vancomycin-resistant <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> (VRE) (ATCC 51299), respectively. The time-kill kinetics study reveals that DTB displayed a bactericidal effect against pathogens at higher concentrations, indicating a concentration and time-dependent interaction. In a cytotoxicity assay, it is more active against the cell line with a decrease in cell viability of 50.12% at 1,000 \u03bcg\/mL concentration. The results highlighted that compound DTB from <jats:italic>F. oxysporum<\/jats:italic> showed significant pharmaceutical potential, indicating its suitability as a lead molecule. The study outcome suggests that the active lead metabolites isolated for the first time from <jats:italic>F. oxysporum<\/jats:italic> isolated from <jats:italic>T. pallida<\/jats:italic> plant can be an auspicious antibacterial agent for controlling multidrug-resistant pathogens marking a novel discovery in this domain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1575021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T05:23:46Z","timestamp":1749533026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol from Endophytic Fungi Fusarium oxysporum attenuates the growth of multidrug-resistant pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ranjitha Dhevi V.","family":"Sundar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathiavelu","family":"Arunachalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endophytic fungi of medicinal plants of Uzbekistan as producers of antibiotic compounds","author":"Abdulmyanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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