{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T18:13:09Z","timestamp":1772043189978,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the biocidal efficacy and determine the influence of 90% ethyl alcohol applied in the form of a mist on the surface of model and historical leather.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main object of the study were historical leather shoes from the collections of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (A-BSM) in O\u015bwi\u0119cim (Poland). Microorganisms found before on historical leather objects in A-BSM were inoculated onto samples of model and historical leather. Ethanol mist was applied with an airbrush with optimized parameters for 15 s at a concentration of 90%. To increase the biocidal effectiveness, the samples were sealed in a tight package and stored for 22 hours. The effect of disinfection was assessed using culture-dependent methods. Changes on the surfaces was assessed using SEM, FTIR, and XPS techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>On surfaces inoculated with microorganisms in the following quantities: 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> \u2212 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> CFU bacteria and 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> CFU fungi, a reduction of 99.51% to 99.99% was observed. Ethanol disinfection had no negative effect on the surface morphology and collagen structure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Disinfection with ethanol applied in the form of mist can be effectively used to eliminate microbiological contamination of historical objects made of leather in A-BSM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1576114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T05:11:13Z","timestamp":1744261873000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reducing microbial contamination on historical leather artifacts at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum using ethanol in the form of mist"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kra\u015bnicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Pydyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Papis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Guzi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Ka\u017amierczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Urszula","family":"Macio\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Wawrzyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Remembrance, Awareness, Responsibility: International Conference on the Occasion of the 60th Anniversary of the Museum's Founding, O\u015bwi\u0119cim 2007, Pami\u0229\u0107, 'swiadomo\u015b\u0107, odpowiedzialno\u015b\u0107","author":"Ambrosewicz-Jacobs","year":"2008"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122753","article-title":"Key process of ethanol hydrogen donor promoting the conversion of organic matter in sludge to bio-oil","volume":"268","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.13189\/eer.2016.040504","article-title":"Fungi and bacteria in indoor cultural heritage environments: microbial-related risks for artworks and human health","volume":"4","author":"Di Carlo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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