{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T14:58:54Z","timestamp":1781362734742,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The regenerating gene 3\u03b3 (Reg III\u03b3) protein, a key antimicrobial peptide, is essential for maintaining intestinal barrier homeostasis and host defense. Its expression is impaired in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), particularly under high-fat diet (HFD) conditions, contributing to barrier dysfunction. Given evidence that probiotic-derived components can modulate Reg III\u03b3, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic> GG supernatant (LGGs) on Reg III\u03b3 expression, their impact on intestinal barrier function, and their therapeutic potential in mitigating MAFLD, while elucidating the underlying mechanisms involving the TLR2\/MyD88\/pSTAT3 signaling pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six-week-old C57BL\/6\u202fJ mice were randomly assigned to four groups: standard diet with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), standard diet with LGGs, high-fat diet (HFD) with PBS, and HFD with LGG. The expression of intestinal Reg III\u03b3, changes in intestinal microbiota, and intestinal permeability were analyzed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blot techniques. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> experiments involved assessing HIP\/PAP expression in Caco-2 cell lines following stimulation with LGG supernatants, using qPCR and western blot. Additionally, siRNA transfection of Caco-2 cells was used to examine the MyD88\/pSTAT3 signaling pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HFD impaired the intestinal barrier in mice. However, oral administration of LGG significantly enhanced the expression of Reg III\u03b3 in the intestinal mucosa compared to control groups. This intervention notably improved intestinal barrier function, modulated the composition of intestinal microbiota, and mitigated MAFLD. Furthermore, an inverse correlation was observed between intestinal permeability and Reg III\u03b3 expression. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, stimulation of Caco-2 cells with LGG led to a significant upregulation of HIP\/PAP protein expression, mediated through the MyD88\/pSTAT3 signaling pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>LGG supernatant enhances intestinal Reg III\u03b3 expression through the MyD88\/pSTAT3 signaling pathway, thereby contributing to the protection of intestinal barrier function and alleviation of MAFLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1580171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T05:32:31Z","timestamp":1756791151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Protective effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant on metabolic associated fatty liver disease through intestinal barrier restoration and regulation of the regenerating gene 3\u03b3"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Si-Pu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Rui","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Xin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19032","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19032","article-title":"Western diet induces a shift in microbiota composition enhancing susceptibility to adherent-Invasive E. coli infection and intestinal inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Agus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. 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