{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:11:22Z","timestamp":1790611882867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> poses challenges in clinical and environmental contexts due to its capacity to colonize natural ecosystems and antibiotic resistance. This study characterized <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> harboured by Diptera flies collected from illegal residential dumping sites and livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) kraals in Potchefstroom, South Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> isolates were characterized using classical microbiological tests and species-specific <jats:italic>gyrase B<\/jats:italic> gene PCR assay. Antibiotic resistance (AR) was assessed on the isolates using disc diffusion assay (DDA). Additionally, PCR screened six virulence genes (<jats:italic>exoS<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>plcN<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>plcH<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>toxA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>lasB<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>algD<\/jats:italic>) among the isolates. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was employed to confirm the identity and determine antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) on selected isolates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Culture-based and molecular assays showed that <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> is prevalent in Diptera flies (<jats:italic>Hemipyrellia<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Synthesiomya<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Chrysomya<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Sarchophagidae<\/jats:italic> spp., and <jats:italic>Tabanus<\/jats:italic> spp.) from livestock kraals (75%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 36\/48) and dumping sites (48%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 23\/48). The most detected virulent gene among the isolates was <jats:italic>exoS<\/jats:italic> (96.6%), followed by <jats:italic>plcN<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>algD<\/jats:italic> genes (83.1%), <jats:italic>lasB<\/jats:italic> (81.4%), <jats:italic>toxA<\/jats:italic> (76.3%), and <jats:italic>plcH<\/jats:italic> (47.5%). All <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> isolates were resistant to metronidazole, sulphamethoxazole, cefazolin and amoxicillin based on DDA. The sulfonamide resistance <jats:italic>sulI<\/jats:italic> gene (88.1%) was the most detected ARG from the <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> isolates, followed by <jats:italic>acc(3)-IV<\/jats:italic> (80.6%) coding for aminoglycoside. WGS revealed that <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> isolates belong to the sequence type (ST3808), which is multidrug-resistant and contains ARGs for fosfomycin (<jats:italic>fosA<\/jats:italic>), ampicillin (<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-50<\/jats:sub>), chloramphenicol (<jats:italic>catB7<\/jats:italic>), beta-lactamase (<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>PAO<\/jats:sub>), and aminoglycoside (<jats:italic>aph(3\u2019)-IIb<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study isolated ESBL-producing <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> from various Diptera fly species collected from livestock kraals and residential dumping sites. This bacterium is important to \u201cOne Health\u201d due to its multidrug resistance character and zoonotic nature. As a result, it requires consolidated control and management policies from the environmental, veterinary, and human health sectors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1586811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T05:37:39Z","timestamp":1749015459000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Uncovering antibiotic resistance: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa from dipteran flies in residential dumping and livestock environments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lara","family":"de Wet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itumeleng","family":"Matle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriel","family":"Thekisoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kgaugelo E.","family":"Lekota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsepo","family":"Ramatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.21474\/IJAR01\/1378","article-title":"Molecular and biochemical characterization of Pseudomonas species isolated from subclinical mastitis milk and ice cream and its susceptibility to allium sativum and commiphorra molmol plant extracts in Egypt","volume":"4","author":"Abdalhamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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