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This study evaluates the effectiveness of four tertiary wastewater treatment technologies\u2014peracetic acid (PAA), PAA combined with low-intensity ultraviolet-C (PAA\/UV Low), high-intensity UV-C (UV High), and ultrafiltration (UF)\u2014in reducing extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (ESBL-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in reclaimed water used for irrigation. The relative abundance of the genes, normalized to the 16S RNA gene present in the water samples, was then estimated to assess whether there is an amplification of these genes during the reuse process in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The results indicate that while all treatments significantly reduced ESBL-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (\u22653 logs cfu\/100 mL) and ARGs (\u2265 1.5 logs gc\/100 mL), complete elimination was not achieved in any WWTP. Among the treatments, UF demonstrated the highest removal efficiency (\u22484 log gc ARG\/100 mL), against ARGs, followed by UV High (\u22483 log gc ARG\/100 mL), whereas PAA and PAA\/UV Low were less effective (\u22482 log gc ARG\/100 mL). The study also found that while absolute ARG levels were reduced, their relative abundance remained stable or showed minimal decline, suggesting a persistent environmental reservoir of resistance genes. Among the ARGs analyzed, the most frequently detected were associated with tetracyclines (<jats:italic>tetW, tetA<\/jats:italic>), quinolones (<jats:italic>qnrB, qnrS<\/jats:italic>), and sulfonamides (<jats:italic>sul1, sul2<\/jats:italic>), highlighting potential public health concerns. Moreover, multidrug-resistant (MDR) ESBL-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were present across all WWTPs, exhibiting resistance to \u03b2-lactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides. Nevertheless, notably low levels of resistance to last-resort antibiotics (tigecycline, colistin, and meropenem) were observed. These findings underscore the critical role of tertiary treatments in mitigating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) risks in water reuse systems. However, the persistence of ARGs in effluents suggests that current WWTP processes require further optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1591202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T05:31:54Z","timestamp":1750311114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sustainable water reuse in food production: risks of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance gene release from tertiary-treated reclaimed water"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pilar","family":"Truchado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"Cordero-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Abell\u00e1n Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amador","family":"Ranca\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avelino","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Allende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg426","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility and occurrence of resistance genes among Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden from different countries","volume":"52","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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