{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:38:50Z","timestamp":1791419930531,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Probiotics have garnered increasing attention for their potential role in managing insomnia. This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of probiotics on sleep quality and mood in patients with insomnia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight public databases were searched to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before December 2024. Data from included studies were extracted, and their risk of bias was assessed. Meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias assessment were conducted using Review Manager 5.3 software. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six studies, encompassing 424 patients, were included. Compared to control groups, the probiotic interventions were associated with a significant reduction in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (mean difference [MD] \u22122.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] \u22123.86 to \u22120.34, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02, GRADE: moderate) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) (MD \u22127.72, 95% CI \u221214.55 to \u22120.89, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03, GRADE: very low) scores. However, no significant effects were observed on total sleep time (MD 43.70, 95% CI \u221218.07 to 105.46, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.17, GRADE: very low), sleep efficiency (MD 0.41, 95% CI \u22121.67 to 2.48, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.70, GRADE: moderate), or sleep latency (MD \u22124.74, 95% CI \u22129.42 to \u22120.05, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.05, GRADE: moderate). Additionally, no significant differences in total adverse events were noted between probiotic and control groups. Funnel plots indicated no publication bias for PSQI, sleep efficiency, or sleep latency, whereas potential publication bias was detected for HAMD, total sleep time, and total adverse events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Probiotic interventions improved sleep quality and reduced depressive symptoms in patients with insomnia without increasing the risk of adverse events. These findings highlight the potential of probiotics as complementary treatments for insomnia. However, due to the limited sample size, further high-quality clinical studies are warranted to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251077696<\/jats:uri>, identifier CRD420251077696.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1596990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T05:36:06Z","timestamp":1752644166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Impact of probiotics on sleep quality and mood states in patients with insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.03.028","article-title":"International study of the prevalence and factors associated with insomnia in the general population.","volume":"82","author":"Aernout","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1504","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae177","article-title":"Effects of prebiotics and probiotics on symptoms of depression and anxiety in clinically diagnosed samples: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"83","author":"Asad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000342079","article-title":"Probiotic mechanisms of action.","volume":"61","author":"Bermudez-Brito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.193","article-title":"Insomnia.","volume":"309","author":"Buysse","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2018.14.3.291","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of gamma-aminobutyric acid from fermented rice germ in patients with insomnia symptoms: A randomized, double-blind trial.","volume":"14","author":"Byun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373462","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1373462","article-title":"Markers of intestinal barrier damage in patients with chronic insomnia disorder.","volume":"15","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01029-2","article-title":"Non-pharmacological approaches for management of insomnia.","volume":"18","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578386","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.578386","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in gut inflammation: A door to the body.","volume":"12","author":"Cristofori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3346","article-title":"Mind-altering microorganisms: The impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour.","volume":"13","author":"Cryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci12010002","article-title":"Enhancing sleep quality: Assessing the efficacy of a fixed combination of Linden, Hawthorn, Vitamin B1, and melatonin.","volume":"12","author":"De Simone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Sci. (Basel)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.06.009","article-title":"Insomnia disorder in adolescence: Diagnosis, impact, and treatment.","volume":"39","author":"de Zambotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.19829\/j.zgfybj.issn.1001-4411.2024.06.012","article-title":"Effect of mirtazapine combined with Saccharomyces boulardii on 5-Ht and cor in postpartum depressed patients.","volume":"39","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health Care China"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.08.013","article-title":"Intersection of the gut microbiome and circadian rhythms in metabolism.","volume":"31","author":"Frazier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00013","article-title":"Impact of the gut microbiota on intestinal immunity mediated by tryptophan metabolism.","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13435","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13435","article-title":"Symptom network analysis of the sleep disorders diagnostic criteria based on the clinical text of the ICSD-3.","volume":"31","author":"Gauld","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9040346","article-title":"Diet and mental health: Review of the recent updates on molecular mechanisms.","volume":"9","author":"Godos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082820","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Ps128 on depressive symptoms and sleep quality in self-reported insomniacs: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial.","volume":"13","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2012.814","article-title":"Melatonin improves inflammatory cytokine profiles in lung inflammation associated with sleep deprivation.","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214700","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve Ccfm1025 improves sleep quality via regulating the activity of the HPA axis: A randomized clinical trial.","volume":"15","author":"Lan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082660","article-title":"Effects of probiotic Nvp-1704 on mental health and sleep in healthy adults: An 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1617","article-title":"The pathophysiology of insomnia.","volume":"147","author":"Levenson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10772","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2228409","article-title":"Gut microbiota: Candidates for a novel strategy for ameliorating sleep disorders.","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-02273-9","article-title":"The association between insomnia and suicide attempts among chinese adolescents: A prospective cohort study.","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00164","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on cognitive reactivity, mood, and sleep quality.","volume":"10","author":"Marotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101340","article-title":"Sleep, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiota.","volume":"53","author":"Matenchuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2000.0146","article-title":"Secondary insomnia: Diagnostic challenges and intervention opportunities.","volume":"5","author":"McCrae","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.11.021","article-title":"Insomnia is a key risk factor for persistent anxiety and depressive symptoms: A 12-month longitudinal cohort study during the covid-19 pandemic.","volume":"322","author":"Meaklim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689958","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.689958","article-title":"Utilizing probiotics for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.","volume":"12","author":"Milner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111702","article-title":"Bifidobacterium adolescentis Sbt2786 improves sleep quality in japanese adults with relatively high levels of stress: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"16","author":"Murakami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20602","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of probiotics: Recent advances.","volume":"15","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13594","article-title":"Para-psychobiotic Lactobacillus gasseri Cp2305 ameliorates stress-related symptoms and sleep quality.","volume":"123","author":"Nishida","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.7.3.291","article-title":"Internet-delivered treatments with or without therapist input: Does the therapist factor have implications for efficacy and cost?","volume":"7","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.07.006","article-title":"Probiotics for the treatment of depressive symptoms: An anti-inflammatory mechanism?","volume":"73","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(22)00879-0","article-title":"Insomnia.","volume":"400","author":"Perlis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.7326\/m15-2175","article-title":"Management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: A clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians.","volume":"165","author":"Qaseem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1039\/d3fo02739b","article-title":"Determining the emotional regulation function of Bifidobacterium breve: The role of gut metabolite regulation over colonization capability.","volume":"15","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.016","article-title":"Prisma 2020\u2013an updated checklist for systematic reviews and meta-analyses.","volume":"124","author":"Radua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(15)00021-6","article-title":"The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia.","volume":"14","author":"Riemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.26929","article-title":"Insomnia: Definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences.","volume":"3","author":"Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.10.023","article-title":"Prevalence and perceived health associated with insomnia based on Dsm-Iv-Tr; International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision; and research diagnostic criteria\/international classification of sleep disorders, second edition criteria: Results from the america insomnia survey.","volume":"69","author":"Roth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600240","article-title":"Probiotics, gut microbiota, and their influence on host health and disease.","volume":"61","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.01.023","article-title":"Prevalence of insomnia and associations with depression, anxiety among adults in Guangdong, China: A large-scale cross-sectional study.","volume":"115","author":"Shan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031172","article-title":"How microbes affect depression: Underlying mechanisms via the gut-brain axis and the modulating role of probiotics.","volume":"23","author":"Suda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14060989","article-title":"Weizmannia coagulans Bc99 improve cognitive impairment induced by chronic sleep deprivation via inhibiting the brain and Intestine\u2019s Nlrp3 inflammasome.","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3920\/bm2016.0150","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Lactobacillus casei strain shirota on academic stress-induced sleep disturbance in healthy adults: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"8","author":"Takada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010141","article-title":"Effects of prebiotic yeast Mannan on gut health and sleep quality in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.","volume":"16","author":"Tanihiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.09.048","article-title":"Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis.","volume":"159","author":"Thaiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(24)00132-3","article-title":"Sleep: A neglected public health issue.","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-021-01015-6","article-title":"An important link between the gut microbiota and the circadian rhythm: Imply for treatments of circadian rhythm sleep disorder.","volume":"31","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.023","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve Ccfm1025 attenuates major depression disorder via regulating gut microbiome and tryptophan metabolism: A randomized clinical trial.","volume":"100","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/24.4.411","article-title":"Treatment preference and patient satisfaction in chronic insomnia.","volume":"24","author":"Vincent","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12943","article-title":"The circadian clock mutation promotes intestinal dysbiosis.","volume":"40","author":"Voigt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01452-3","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites mediate the neuroprotective effect of melatonin in cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599547","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.599547","article-title":"Probiotics, anticipation stress, and the acute immune response to night shift.","volume":"11","author":"West","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.07.006","article-title":"Sleep problems and suicidality in the national comorbidity survey replication.","volume":"43","author":"Wojnar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127292","article-title":"Acute sleep deprivation exacerbates systemic inflammation and psychiatry disorders through gut microbiota dysbiosis and disruption of circadian rhythms.","volume":"268","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.13507\/j.issn.1674-3474.2024.08.001","article-title":"Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in evaluating the effect of multi-strain probiotics on brain function of insomnia disorder patients.","volume":"38","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chin. Pract. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.14163\/j.cnki.11-5547\/r.2023.11.036","article-title":"A study of intestinal probiotics combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in patients with chronic insomnia disorder.","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Pract. Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126409","article-title":"Beneficial effect of gaba-rich fermented milk on insomnia involving regulation of gut microbiota.","volume":"233","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915393","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.915393","article-title":"Lactobacillus ameliorates Sd-induced stress responses and gut dysbiosis by increasing the absorption of gut-derived gaba in rhesus monkeys.","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061518","article-title":"Probiotics supplementation attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress induced by chronic sleep restriction.","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158137","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1158137","article-title":"Psychobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Jylp-326 relieves anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms in test anxious college via modulating the gut microbiota and its metabolism.","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1596990\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T05:36:09Z","timestamp":1752644169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1596990\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1596990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1596990","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"article-number":"1596990"}}