{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:05:04Z","timestamp":1786993504083,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) remain a significant global health concern, with the pathogen spectrum and antibiotic resistance patterns critically influencing clinical management. This study aimed to analyze the microbial profile of UTIs from 2022 to 2024, focusing on <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>), the predominant pathogen, by evaluating its antibiotic resistance phenotypes, biofilm formation capability, and mutations in <jats:italic>GyrA, ParC<\/jats:italic> and Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance (PMQR) genes prevalence. Midstream urine samples from UTI patients were collected and analyzed for microbial identification. <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility, particularly to levofloxacin, the most frequently used antibiotic in our hospital. Biofilm formation was assessed, and mutations in <jats:italic>GyrA, ParC<\/jats:italic> and PMQR genes were sequenced to determine resistance mechanisms.The pathogen spectrum revealed that <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> were the most prevalent (44.42%), with <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> being the dominant species. Over 70% of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates exhibited resistance to levofloxacin, and 58.97% (46\/78) demonstrated biofilm-forming ability. Among levofloxacin-resistant strains, 75.64% (59\/78) showed high-level resistance (MIC \u2265 8\u03bcg\/mL). The most common mutations in <jats:italic>GyrA<\/jats:italic> were Ser83Leu (89.74%) and Asp87Asn (71.79%), while Ser80Ile (74.36%) was predominant in <jats:italic>ParC<\/jats:italic>. PMQR genes were detected in 17.95% (14\/78) of isolates. The elevated prevalence of quinolone-resistant <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> in urinary tract infections within this region, combined with intricate resistance gene mutations and generally strong biofilm-forming capabilities, underscores the critical necessity for rational antibiotic stewardship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1599902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T05:41:31Z","timestamp":1758692491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of the microbial spectrum of urinary tract infections and antibiotic resistance of UPEC in Central Inner Mongolia, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jingru","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyuan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxiong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02627-6","article-title":"High carriage of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes by cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli recovered from surface-leaking sanitary sewers","volume":"204","author":"Abimbola Olumide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78124-9","article-title":"Analysis of molecular mechanisms of delafloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli","volume":"14","author":"Andr\u00e1s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e513","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00778-8","article-title":"A reference standard for urinary tract infection research: a multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study","volume":"24","author":"Bilsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57765-y","article-title":"Metabolomics strategy for diagnosing urinary tract infections","volume":"16","author":"Chan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B5","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests f or Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard\u2013Ninth Edition"},{"key":"B6","year":"2021","journal-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 31st Edn"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09294-0","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility patterns and trends of the gram-negative bacteria isolated from the patients in the emergency departments in China: results of SMART 2016-2019","volume":"24","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10658-3","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli in bloodstream infections from a general hospital in Ningxia, China, 2022-2023","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16789.2","article-title":"Clinical and bacteriological outcomes in patients with urinary tract infections presenting to primary care in Harare, Zimbabwe: a cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Ioana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18854","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.18854","article-title":"Detection of O25b-ST131 clone in extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli from urinary tract infections in Mexico","volume":"18","author":"Josefina","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3753","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07215-5","article-title":"The prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections in southwest Iran","volume":"49","author":"Nabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ovae043","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovae043","article-title":"Pathovars, occurrence, and characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in diarrheal Escherichia coli isolated from farmers and farmed chickens in Tunisia and Nigeria","volume":"77","author":"Nazek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/122682","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosaRelationship between antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, genes coding virulence factors and source of origin of clinical strains","volume":"28","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Agricult. Environ. Med. AAEM"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77844-2","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms impact on fluoroquinolone resistance among E.coli from enteric carriage monitoring before prostate biopsy and earliest description of qnrB81","volume":"14","author":"Rehaiem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70204","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70204","article-title":"Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from colonic biopsies of iranian patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Samira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377047","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1377047","article-title":"Development of an in vitro biofilm model for the study of the impact of fluoroquinolones on sewer biofilm microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Sarah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03383-5","article-title":"Investigation of gyrA and parC mutations and the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates","volume":"24","author":"Sepideh","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001970","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001970","article-title":"Predomination of hypervirulent ST283 and genetic diversity of levofloxacin resistance in multidrug-resistant, hypervirulent Streptococcus agalactiae in Thailand","volume":"74","author":"Wajeeorn","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.9.1970","article-title":"DNA gyrase gyrA mutations in quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"39","author":"Yonezawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0158","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2023.0158","article-title":"Mobile colistin resistance and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Escherichia coli from China, 1993-2019","volume":"21","author":"Yujin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0207","article-title":"Upregulation of AcrEF in quinolone resistance development in Escherichia coli when acrab-tolc function is impaired","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1599902\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T05:41:32Z","timestamp":1758692492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1599902\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1599902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1599902","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"article-number":"1599902"}}