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Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) generated during the ensiling process is a source of greenhouse gas emissions and a reason for the loss of nutrients during ensiling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Broussonetia papyrifera<\/jats:italic> (B), <jats:italic>Tritriale<\/jats:italic> (T) and their mixtures (B7T3, B5T5 and B3T7) were ensiled with sour soup (S) and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic> (LAB) to investigate the effects of additives on silage quality, CO2 production and bacterial communities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After 45 days of fermentation, the B3T7 treatment resulted in the lowest CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> production, a relatively high lactic acid content (pH &amp;lt; 4.2), and relatively high relative abundances of Lactiplantibacillus and Weissella after fermentation; the quality of silage in all the treatments with additives was greater than that in the CK treatment, and the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> content was significantly lower than that in the CK treatment (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). In addition, the overall silage quality was better than that of CK after the addition of additives, the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> content was significantly lower (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), and adding sour soup resulted in a greater effect than adding LAB. CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> production was positively correlated with the relative abundances of <jats:italic>Lactococcus, Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Neoscardovia<\/jats:italic> and negatively correlated with the relative abundances of <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus, Weissella<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Sphingomonas<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, selecting an appropriate proportion of different forages for mixed silage and adding sour soup may be effective ways to improve silage quality and reduce CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> production during ensiling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1606628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T05:25:34Z","timestamp":1750829134000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Altering the bacterial community: sour soup decreased CO2 production and improved the fermentation quality of Broussonetia papyrifera, Tritriale and mixed silages"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qiming","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dianpeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maoya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiachuhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangjiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118074","article-title":"Potential influence of Yucca extract as feed additive on greenhouse gases emission for a cleaner livestock and aquaculture farming-a review","volume":"239","author":"Adegbeye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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