{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:07:13Z","timestamp":1790453233849,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infections caused by <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)<\/jats:italic> in patients undergoing mastectomy followed by breast reconstruction present significant therapeutic challenges. Studies suggest that <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> may be transmitted from nasal carriage, potentially leading to postoperative infections. However, knowledge regarding the potential pathogenicity of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> nasal carriage strains in women undergoing breast reconstruction in Poland remains limited. This study aimed to characterize <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates obtained from screening nasal swabs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 33 methicillin-sensitive <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> (MSSA) isolates were analyzed. These strains exhibited a high prevalence of genes encoding adhesion and antibiotic resistance. The most frequently detected virulence genes included <jats:italic>sarA<\/jats:italic> (100%), an activator of protein A; <jats:italic>cna<\/jats:italic> (100%), encoding collagen adhesin; <jats:italic>blaZ<\/jats:italic> (100%), associated with <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-lactamase production; the <jats:italic>icaADBC<\/jats:italic> operon (82\u2013100%), responsible for extracellular polysaccharide synthesis and intracellular adhesion; and bap (36%), encoding a surface-associated biofilm protein.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most isolates (79\u2013100%) demonstrated a strong capacity for biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production, confirmed by independent methods. Notably, all strains (100%) remained susceptible to ciprofloxacin at increased exposure levels. RAPD analysis revealed low genetic diversity among the isolates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates from nasal carriers undergoing breast implantation exhibit antibiotic resistance, biofilm-forming ability, and harbor multiple virulence genes. Early detection of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> colonization via nasal swab screening may be crucial for managing infection risk in patients undergoing breast reconstruction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1610739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T05:32:24Z","timestamp":1750311144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage before breast reconstruction: antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence genes\u2014a single center in vitro observation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Jarzynka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Koryszewska-Bagi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Nowikiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Szczepa\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ol\u0119dzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Szymankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00197-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of resistance genes in staphylococci from poultry","volume":"74","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. 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