{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:04:52Z","timestamp":1784646292802,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Sishen Pill (SSP) has therapeutic effects on spleen-kidney yang deficiency diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). Studies have shown that IBS-D with spleen-kidney yang deficiency is characterized by intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and impaired ATPase activity. After SSP treatment, the abundance of beneficial microbiota increased, the balance of the intestinal microbiota was restored, and ATPase activity improved, suggesting that SSP may exert its therapeutic effects by modulating the intestinal microbiota and restoring ATPase activity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Forty SPF-grade female mice were randomly allocated into four groups (n\u202f=\u202f10 per group): normal group (CC), spontaneous recovery group (MC), pinaverium bromide treatment group (PBT), and SSP treatment group (SSP). The IBS-D mouse model was successfully established by adenine and\n Folium sennae<\/jats:italic>\n combined with restraint-tail clamping stress. Following model validation, the animals received SSP aqueous extract treatment. Subsequent evaluations included: (1) assessment of behavioral parameters according to diagnostic criteria; (2) quantification of Na\n +<\/jats:sup>\n -K\n +<\/jats:sup>\n -ATPase and Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n -Mg\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n -ATPase activities via ELISA; (3) measurement of intestinal digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microbial activity;(4) characterization of the intestinal microbiota composition via 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n (1) Compared with CC group, SSP group presented significantly increased Na\n +<\/jats:sup>\n -K\n +<\/jats:sup>\n -ATPase and Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n -Mg\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n -ATPase activities (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.05). (2) Enzyme activity assays revealed that digestive enzyme activities were significantly increased in SSP group, with marked increases in lactase and amylase (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.01) and a moderate increase in sucrase. (3) Intestinal microbial activity was notably increased in SSP group (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.01). (4) Correlation analysis showed\n Clostridioides<\/jats:italic>\n had a strong positive correlation with lactase (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.01) and positive links to amylase and microbial activity (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.05).\n Desulfovibrio<\/jats:italic>\n demonstrated significant negative correlations with microbial activity (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.01). In the comparison between PBT group and SSP group, Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n -Mg\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n -ATPase showed a positive correlation with\n Maribacter<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Scatolibacter<\/jats:italic>\n (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.05). Amylase exhibited a significant negative correlation with\n Scatolibacter<\/jats:italic>\n (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.01). Fecal microbial activity was negatively correlated with\n Scatolibacter<\/jats:italic>\n (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.01).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n SSP significantly alleviates symptoms of spleen-kidney yang deficiency in IBS-D by regulating intestinal microbiota, increasing Na\n +<\/jats:sup>\n -K\n +<\/jats:sup>\n -ATPase and Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n -Mg\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n -ATPase activity, and enhancing lactase, amylase and sucrase activity and intestinal microbial activity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1610928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T06:31:24Z","timestamp":1762929084000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sishen Pill treats spleen-kidney yang deficiency IBS-D by influencing ATPase activity and intestinal microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhoujin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.13288\/j.11-2166\/r.2024.18.017","article-title":"Expert consensus on traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2024)","volume":"58","author":"Bian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1528.2015.06.030","article-title":"Effects of processing psoralea and nutmeg on energy metabolism in rats with spleen-kidney yang deficiency diarrhea","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Patent Med."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00801","article-title":"Sishen pill treatment of DSS-induced colitis via regulating interaction with inflammatory dendritic cells and gut microbiot","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549617","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1549617","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota modulates the visceral sensitivity involved in IBS induced by restraint combined with tail clustering","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.13288\/j.11-2166\/r.2024.24.011","article-title":"Establishment and validation of a mouse model of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome with spleen-kidney yang deficiency syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010009","article-title":"Berberine mediates the production of butyrate to ameliorate cerebral ischemia via the gut microbiota in mice","volume":"16","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-024-04180-7","article-title":"Involvement of intestinal mucosal microbiota in adenine-induced liver function injury","volume":"15","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.02.022","article-title":"The gut microbial bile acid modulation and its relevance to digestive health and diseases","volume":"164","author":"Fogelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1528.2023.01.017","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of wen shengu yang decoction combined with moxibustion in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and spleen-kidney yang deficiency syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Patent Med."},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"169","article-title":"Mechanism of Sishen pill in regulating colonic energy metabolism in colitis mice","volume":"37","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. Pharm."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-583X.2019.12.020","article-title":"Research progress on short-chain fatty acids in improving obesity through the gut-brain axis","volume":"34","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Focus."},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Establishment and exploration of biological basis of IBS-D rat model with spleen-kidney yang deficiency syndrome","author":"Han","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.13381\/j.cnki.cjm.201907004","article-title":"Effect of Bao-he pills on intestinal microorganisms and enzyme activity in mice with dyspepsia","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Microecol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-0651-1","article-title":"The gut microbiota contributes to the development of Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mice","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000513292","article-title":"Questionnaire-based survey on epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders and current status of gastrointestinal motility testing in Asian countries","volume":"102","author":"Kamiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001036","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Lacy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957334","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.957334","article-title":"Importance of dendrobium officinale in improving the adverse effects of high-fat diet on mice associated with intestinal contents microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2022.211010","article-title":"Correlation between kidney function and intestinal biological characteristics of adenine and folium sennaeinduced diarrhea model in mice","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3706109","article-title":"Dietary sodium butyrate changed intestinal histology and microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), but did not promote growth and nutrient utilization","volume":"2023","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.16438\/j.0513-4870.2018-0920","article-title":"Experimental study on the effects of sishen pill on gut microbiota in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome rats","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.11842\/wst.20200529011","article-title":"Experimental study of the effects of Sishen pill on IBS-D model rats and isolated colon","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Sci. Technol. Mod. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2017.06.002","article-title":"Interactions between gut bacteria and bile in health and disease","volume":"56","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Effects of Jianpi Huashi granules on Na+-K+-ATPase activity and the expression of AQPs and Occludin in the colon of IBS-D rats","author":"Lv","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G460","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00369.2015","article-title":"Role of epithelial ion transports in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"310","author":"Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00906","article-title":"The genus Alistipes: gut Bacteria with emerging implications to inflammation, Cancer, and mental health","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat9351","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat9351","article-title":"T cell-mediated regulation of the microbiota protects against obesity","volume":"365","author":"Petersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2017.05.009","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of flufenamic acid on chloride secretion in human intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"134","author":"Pongkorpsakol","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3880","DOI":"10.1039\/d3fo00378g","article-title":"Gut content microbiota dysbiosis and dysregulated lipid metabolism in diarrhea caused by high-fat diet in a fatigued state","volume":"14","author":"Qiao","year":"","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.13288\/j.11-2166\/r.2023.11.013","article-title":"Comparison of five modeling methods for spleen qi deficiency syndromes based on the theory of diet and overwork injuring the spleen","volume":"64","author":"Qiao","year":"","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Me."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06654.x","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in irritable bowel syndrome: frequency and predictor","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2021.104447","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics of the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Plectonema terebrans elucidated novel stress-responsive metabolic modulations","volume":"252","author":"Shahid","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Proteome"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-7860.2022.22.002","article-title":"A study on the action mechanism of Sishen wan on diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome based on network pharmacology and molecular docking","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-023-00960-3","article-title":"Insights into the potential role of plasmids in the versatility of the genus Pantoea","volume":"66","author":"Shetty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071772","article-title":"Desulfovibrio in the gut: the enemy within?","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07270-0","article-title":"The challenge of antibiotic selection in prosthetic joint infections due to Corynebacterium striatum: a case report","volume":"22","author":"Streifel","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.13799\/j.cnki.mdjyxyxb.2019.05.005","article-title":"Regulatory effects of ginger on gut microbiota and local immune function in mice","volume":"40","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mudanjiang Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.19917\/j.cnki.1005-0779.024098","article-title":"Exploring the effects of acupuncture on IBS through gut microbiota","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Clin. Stud."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964847","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.964847","article-title":"Sex hormones influence the intestinal microbiota composition in mice","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-020-02597-4","article-title":"Characteristics of intestinal microbiota and enzyme activities in mice fed with lily bulb","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35461","article-title":"TMAO is involved in kidney-yang deficiency syndrome diarrhea by mediating the \u201cgut-kidney axis\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e944185","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.944185","article-title":"Targeting the gut-kidney axis in diarrhea with kidney-yang deficiency syndrome: the role of sishen pills in regulating TMAO-mediated inflammatory response","volume":"30","author":"Xie","year":"","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2453","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2453","article-title":"The combination of living Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus improves social ranking and relieves anxiety-like behaviors in competitive mice in a social dominance tube test","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.13422\/j.cnki.syfjx.20251698","article-title":"Exploring the mechanism of Sishen pill in improving the intestinal barrier function in IBS-D rats with spleen-kidney yang deficiency based on gut microbiota and SCFAs","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Exp Tradit Chin Med."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.13343\/j.cnki.wsxb.2018019","article-title":"Advances in interactions between gut microbiota and mitochondria","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Sin."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7448","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205771","article-title":"Exploring causality in the association between gut microbiota and irritable bowel syndrome risk: a large Mendelian randomization study","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000003","article-title":"Close association between abnormal enzyme expression in energy metabolism and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5536679","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5536679","article-title":"Sishen pill maintained colonic mucosal barrier integrity to treat ulcerative colitis via rho\/ROCK signaling pathway","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324938","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1324938","article-title":"The dysfunction in intestinal microorganisms and enzyme activity significantly contributors to diarrhea with kidney-yang deficiency syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620789","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1620789","article-title":"One mechanism of Sishen pill on diarrhea with kidney Yang deficiency syndrome: influencing metabolic function by intestinal microorganisms and enzyme activity mediates the gut-kidney axis","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.19664\/j.cnki.1002-2392.2014.02.013","article-title":"Mechanism of liver-smoothing and spleen-strengthening method on cellular energy metabolism in irritable bowel syndrome rat model","volume":"42","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Chin. Med. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007609","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1007609","article-title":"Diarrhea with deficiency kidney-yang syndrome caused by adenine combined with folium senna was associated with gut mucosal microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16166","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal flora of the intestine-kidney remediation process of diarrhea with deficiency kidney-yang syndrome in Sishen pill treatment: association with interactions between Lactobacillus johnsonii, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP-ase, and Na+-K+-ATP-ase","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1919046","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1610928\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T14:50:59Z","timestamp":1784645459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1610928\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1610928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1610928","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"article-number":"1610928"}}