{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T19:19:46Z","timestamp":1778181586987,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> is widely used as an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> model in microbiological and toxicological studies due to its reproducibility, low cost, and ease of handling. However, maintaining homogeneous laboratory colonies presents challenges. This study evaluated whether different incubation methods influence the larval immune response against <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four experimental groups were established: (1) Traditional group (TG), eggs stored at 27\u00b0C; (2) Immediate group (IG), eggs stored at 16\u00b0C for 120 days before incubation at 27\u00b0C; (3) Gradual group (GG), temperature gradually reduced from 27\u00b0C to 16\u00b0C over 98 days, then increased back; and (4) Frozen group (FG), eggs stored at freezing temperatures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>FG eggs were non-viable, and IG and GG showed delayed development. IG larvae were more susceptible to infections, while GG larvae resembled TG. Thus, GG can serve as an effective alternative rearing method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1611104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T05:23:29Z","timestamp":1748928209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impact of egg incubation on hemocyte recruitment and susceptibility of Galleria mellonella larvae to pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Paulo Henrique Fonseca","family":"Carmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Michelle Nagai","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiana Alves","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaqueline Lemes","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana Campos","family":"Junqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u00edra Terra","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2023.101824","article-title":"Assessing Galleria mellonella as a preliminary model for systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection: evaluating the efficacy and impact of vancomycin and Nigella sativa oil on gut microbiota","volume":"31","author":"Alnezary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. 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