{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:27:10Z","timestamp":1783164430689,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Paenibacillus polymyxa<\/jats:italic> is an essential bio-control bacterium capable of producing numerous antagonistic compounds with potential usefulness. Methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) is a significant bacterial strain that infects hospitals and communities, exhibiting considerable antibiotic resistance and posing a substantial threat to human health, thereby becoming a major bio-safety concern worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial properties and mechanisms of the secondary metabolites of <jats:italic>P. polymyxa<\/jats:italic> (MEZ6) against MRSA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used microdilution procedures and growth and bactericidal kinetics studies to investigate the effects of MEZ6 metabolites on MRSA, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (LC\/MC) were used to detect the secondary metabolites of MEZ6.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that MEZ6 secondary metabolites can inhibit MRSA growth, prevent biofilm formation, reduce the expression of virulence genes (<jats:italic>agrA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>clf-1<\/jats:italic>), disrupt cell structure, increase membrane permeability, and lead to the accumulation of ROS. Through systematic characterization, MEZ6 metabolites maybe tryptophan-associated fraction (TAF). This study establishes a systematic theoretical framework for the development and application of bacterial metabolites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1617807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T10:08:57Z","timestamp":1755511737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterization of the antagonistic secondary metabolites of Paenibacillus polymyxa MEZ6 against Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Na","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruxia","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00873085","article-title":"Molecular identification of rRNA group 3 bacilli (Ash, farrow, Wallbanks and Collins) using a PCR probe test. 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