{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:42:53Z","timestamp":1792698173059,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma. It poses a significant public health challenge. Growing evidence indicates that the gut microbiota plays a key role in the development and progression of NAFLD. Advances in sequencing technologies, microbiome and metabolomics have helped identify characteristic microbial patterns and microbial-derived metabolites associated with NAFLD. The gut-liver axis has emerged as a central pathway linking intestinal microbes to liver function. Microbiota-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids (BAs), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), have dual roles in hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation, and insulin resistance, providing new insight into NAFLD pathogenesis. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which disruptions in the gut-liver axis contribute to NAFLD progression. It also outlines the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of current probiotics, with particular emphasis on next-generation probiotics like <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic> and the potential benefits of its inactivated forms. Furthermore, we explore the role of prebiotics, plant-derived compounds, and synthetic agents in modulating gut microbiota and liver health. The review highlights key associations between specific bacterial species, microbial metabolites, and NAFLD, offering a theoretical basis for microbiota-targeted precision interventions and new therapeutic directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1621583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T09:21:43Z","timestamp":1753867303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The role of microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: mechanism of action and treatment strategy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Siwen","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuoya","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhe","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guifang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10118-x","article-title":"A critical review on Akkermansia muciniphila: Functional mechanisms, technological challenges, and safety issues.","volume":"16","author":"Abbasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. 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