{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:13:17Z","timestamp":1791645197804,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mosquitoes are known to vector arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that pose a global public health issue in the form of mosquito-borne viral diseases such as chikungunya fever, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and Zika. Besides, mosquitoes may also carry insect-specific viruses (ISVs), which are evolutionarily alike arboviruses yet do not infect vertebrates. These ISVs have been shown to affect the ability of mosquitoes to transmit arboviruses, as well as potentially inhibit arbovirus infections in vertebrate hosts. Yet, ISVs still constitute a relatively new and little-researched area where further studies may yield new knowledge regarding their distribution, their future importance in the control of mosquito-borne viral disease and potential role in biological control of mosquitoes. This review provides insights into ISV classification, transmission, and biology, as well as historical and future aspects. It mainly focuses on the characterization of the transmission dynamics of ISVs to highlight the various potential arboviral pathogen transmission blocking mechanisms along with evolution and host tropism. The review also provides additional information on the potential use of ISVs as a method of biological control in comparison to other proposed methods as well as delving into current research into arbovirus-based vaccines and antiviral drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1624662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T05:45:12Z","timestamp":1756446312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Insect-specific viruses: transmission dynamics and biological control strategies against arboviruses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lukas","family":"Wilkman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elin","family":"Kaarle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verah Nafula","family":"Luande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Lantto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Evander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia Wesula","family":"Lwande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090873","article-title":"Mosquito-specific viruses-transmission and interaction","volume":"11","author":"Agboli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.07.004","article-title":"Isolation of a novel insect-specific flavivirus with immunomodulatory effects in vertebrate systems","volume":"562","author":"Auguste","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e407","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00130-6","article-title":"WHO launches global initiative for arboviral diseases","volume":"3","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8783","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00531-14","article-title":"Discovery and evolution of bunyavirids in arctic phantom midges and ancient bunyavirid-like sequences in insect genomes","volume":"88","author":"Ballinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01476-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.01476-19","article-title":"Coding-complete genome sequence of yada yada virus, a novel alphavirus detected in Australian mosquitoes","volume":"9","author":"Batovska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000833","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000833","article-title":"The Endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia induces resistance to dengue virus in Aedes aegypti","volume":"6","author":"Bian","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.3390\/v7041927","article-title":"Insect-specific flaviviruses: a systematic review of their discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion potential and genomic organization","volume":"7","author":"Blitvich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0474","article-title":"Insect-specific flaviviruses from Culex mosquitoes in Colorado, with evidence of vertical transmission","volume":"85","author":"Bolling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.02.016","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of an insect-specific flavivirus in a naturally infected Culex pipiens laboratory colony and effects of co-infection on vector competence for West Nile virus","volume":"427","author":"Bolling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.3390\/v7092851","article-title":"Insect-specific virus discovery: significance for the arbovirus community","volume":"7","author":"Bolling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.01.007","article-title":"Insect-specific viruses: An overview and their relationship to arboviruses of concern to humans and animals","volume":"557","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001072","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Togaviridae","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00328-1","article-title":"A chimeric dengue virus vaccine candidate delivered by high density microarray patches protects against infection in mice","volume":"6","author":"Choo","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81475-0","article-title":"Isolation of a new strain of the flavivirus cell fusing agent virus in a natural mosquito population from Puerto Rico","volume":"87","author":"Cook","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0373-1","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a new mosquito flavivirus, Quang Binh virus, from Vietnam","volume":"154","author":"Crabtree","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-003-0019-7","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic characterization of the newly described insect flavivirus, Kamiti River virus","volume":"148","author":"Crabtree","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.002","article-title":"The virome of vector mosquitoes","volume":"49","author":"de Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.3390\/v12090964","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms underlying host restriction of insect-specific viruses","volume":"12","author":"Elrefaey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12202","article-title":"Identification of Swedish mosquitoes based on molecular barcoding of the COI gene and SNP analysis","volume":"14","author":"Engdahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2017.4019","article-title":"Biotechnological applications of an insect-specific alphavirus","volume":"36","author":"Erasmus","year":"2017","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.85","article-title":"Detection of RNA from a novel West Nile-like virus and high prevalence of an insect-specific flavivirus in mosquitoes in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico","volume":"80","author":"Farfan-Ale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5554","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00310-12","article-title":"Superinfection exclusion is an active virus-controlled function that requires a specific viral protein","volume":"86","author":"Folimonova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD015636","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015636.pub2","article-title":"Wolbachia-carrying Aedes mosquitoes for preventing dengue infection","volume":"4","author":"Fox","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.04.011","article-title":"Arboviruses: a global public health threat","volume":"38","author":"Girard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200012","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760200012","article-title":"Superinfection exclusion studies using West Nile virus and Culex flavivirus strains from Argentina","volume":"115","author":"Goenaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref9003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0312182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312182","article-title":"Eilat virus isolated from Culex univittatus mosquitoes from the Namibian Zambezi Region influences in vitro superinfection with alpha- and flaviviruses in a virus-species-dependent manner","volume":"19","author":"Guggemos","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.12.008","article-title":"First isolation of Aedes flavivirus in the Western hemisphere and evidence of vertical transmission in the mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"440","author":"Haddow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521104","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1521104","article-title":"Insect-specific virus platforms for arbovirus vaccine development","volume":"16","author":"Hall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9111230","article-title":"Chimeric vaccines based on novel insect-specific Flaviviruses","volume":"9","author":"Harrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref9004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00095","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00095-20","article-title":"Antigenic characterization of new lineage II insect-specific flaviviruses in Australian mosquitoes and Identification of host restriction factors","volume":"5","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00903-2","article-title":"A chimeric vaccine derived from Australian genotype IV Japanese encephalitis virus protects mice from lethal challenge","volume":"9","author":"Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref9005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010085","article-title":"The chimeric binjari-zika vaccine provides long-term protection against ZIKA virus challenge","volume":"10","author":"Hazlewood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001344","article-title":"Agua Salud alphavirus defines a novel lineage of insect-specific alphaviruses discovered in the New World","volume":"101","author":"Hermanns","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000694","article-title":"Discovery of a novel alphavirus related to Eilat virus","volume":"98","author":"Hermanns","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref9006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax7888","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax7888","article-title":"A recombinant platform for flavivirus vaccines and diagnostics using chimeras of a new insect-specific virus","volume":"11","author":"Hobson-Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.11.003","article-title":"Discovery and characterisation of a new insect-specific bunyavirus from Culex mosquitoes captured in northern Australia","volume":"489","author":"Hobson-Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56534","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056534","article-title":"A new insect-specific Flavivirus from northern Australia suppresses replication of West Nile virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus in co-infected mosquito cells","volume":"8","author":"Hobson-Peters","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.06.025","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a new insect flavivirus from Aedes albopictus and Aedes flavopictus mosquitoes in Japan","volume":"391","author":"Hoshino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.09.039","article-title":"Genetic characterization of a new insect flavivirus isolated from Culex pipiens mosquito in Japan","volume":"359","author":"Hoshino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161149","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1161149","article-title":"Vaccine development for mosquito-borne viral diseases","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1064-7","article-title":"Mosquito-borne viruses in Europe","volume":"103","author":"Hub\u00e1lek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001365","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Peribunyaviridae","volume":"101","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.07.015","article-title":"Novel flaviviruses from mosquitoes: mosquito-specific evolutionary lineages within the phylogenetic group of mosquito-borne flaviviruses","author":"Huhtamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9532","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00529-09","article-title":"Characterization of a novel flavivirus from mosquitoes in northern Europe that is related to mosquito-borne flaviviruses of the tropics","volume":"83","author":"Huhtamo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010125","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010125","article-title":"Superinfection exclusion: a viral strategy with short-term benefits and long-term drawbacks","volume":"18","author":"Hunter","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref9007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"002017","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.002017","article-title":"Eilat virus (EILV) causes superinfection exclusion against West Nile virus (WNV) in a strain-specific manner in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes","volume":"105","author":"Joseph","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.004","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy as an alternative treatment for human infections. A comprehensive review","volume":"53","author":"Kakasis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001143","article-title":"Wolbachia stimulates immune gene expression and inhibits plasmodium development in Anopheles gambiae","volume":"6","author":"Kambris","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref9008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177531","article-title":"Immune activation by life-shortening Wolbachia and reduced filarial competence in mosquitoes","volume":"326","author":"Kambris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7119","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.9.7119-7123.1997","article-title":"Superinfection exclusion of alphaviruses in three mosquito cell lines persistently infected with Sindbis virus","volume":"71","author":"Karpf","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.068031-0","article-title":"Characterization of a novel insect-specific flavivirus from Brazil: potential for inhibition of infection of arthropod cells with medically important flaviviruses","volume":"95","author":"Kenney","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000671","article-title":"Transmission of West Nile virus by Culex quinquefasciatus say infected with Culex Flavivirus Izabal","volume":"4","author":"Kent","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.12.034","article-title":"Characterization of Culex Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) strains isolated from mosquitoes in the United States and Trinidad","volume":"386","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342723","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2024.1342723","article-title":"Dengue and chikungunya: future threats for northern Europe?","volume":"4","author":"Laverdeur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52235","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052235","article-title":"Assessing the feasibility of controlling Aedes aegypti with transgenic methods: a model-based evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Legros","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15090639","article-title":"European Culex pipiens populations carry different strains of Wolbachia pipientis","volume":"15","author":"Lilja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.15212\/ZOONOSES-2024-0020","article-title":"Advances in CRISPR\/Cas9-based gene editing Technology in Mosquitoes","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zoonoses"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0106222","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01062-22","article-title":"Vertical and horizontal transmission of cell fusing agent virus in Aedes aegypti","volume":"88","author":"Logan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1673\/031.007.5501","article-title":"Infection and vertical transmission of Kamiti river virus in laboratory bred Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"7","author":"Lutomiah","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199266","article-title":"Novel strains of Culex flavivirus and Hubei chryso-like virus 1 from the Anopheles mosquito in western Kenya","volume":"339","author":"Lwande","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12850","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01862-13","article-title":"Discovery of a unique novel clade of mosquito-associated bunyaviruses","volume":"87","author":"Marklewitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165326","article-title":"Stable introduction of a life-shortening Wolbachia infection into the mosquito Aedes aegypti","volume":"323","author":"McMeniman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100490","article-title":"Composition and global distribution of the mosquito virome - a comprehensive database of insect-specific viruses","volume":"16","author":"Moonen","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2008)45[1187:cfifmi]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Culex flavivirus isolates from mosquitoes in Guatemala","volume":"45","author":"Morales-Betoulle","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.042","article-title":"A Wolbachia symbiont in Aedes aegypti limits infection with dengue, chikungunya, and plasmodium","volume":"139","author":"Moreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05725-0","article-title":"Vector competence of Anopheles stephensi for O\u2019nyong-nyong virus: a risk for global virus spread","volume":"16","author":"Mutsaers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01856-14","article-title":"Eilat virus host range restriction is present at multiple levels of the virus life cycle","volume":"89","author":"Nasar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14622","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1204787109","article-title":"Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication","volume":"109","author":"Nasar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.11.015","article-title":"Adaptation of Rabensburg virus (RBGV) to vertebrate hosts by experimental evolution","volume":"528","author":"Ngo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.01.022","article-title":"Genetic characterization, molecular epidemiology, and phylogenetic relationships of insect-specific viruses in the taxon Negevirus","volume":"504","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111027","article-title":"Viromics reveal a number of novel RNA viruses in Swedish mosquitoes","volume":"11","author":"\u00d6hlund","year":"","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-018-01629-9","article-title":"Insect-specific virus evolution and potential effects on vector competence","volume":"55","author":"\u00d6hlund","year":"","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2020.02.005","article-title":"Exploiting insect-specific viruses as a novel strategy to control vector-borne disease","volume":"39","author":"Patterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftad036","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftad036","article-title":"A review on Zika vaccine development","volume":"82","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091499","article-title":"Unleashing nature\u2019s allies: comparing the vertical transmission dynamics of insect-specific and vertebrate-infecting Flaviviruses in mosquitoes","volume":"16","author":"Peterson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9101142","article-title":"Enemy of my enemy: a novel insect-specific Flavivirus offers a promising platform for a Zika virus vaccine","volume":"9","author":"Porier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05835-1","article-title":"Renaming of the genus Flavivirus to Orthoflavivirus and extension of binomial species names within the family Flaviviridae","volume":"168","author":"Postler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0180-4","article-title":"Restriction of Zika virus infection and transmission in Aedes aegypti mediated by an insect-specific flavivirus","volume":"7","author":"Romo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2016.10.001","article-title":"Insect-specific viruses: a historical overview and recent developments","volume":"98","author":"Roundy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90348-2","article-title":"Isolation of viruses from mosquitoes of the Negev, Israel","volume":"80","author":"Samina","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-003-0018-8","article-title":"Isolation of a new flavivirus related to cell fusing agent virus (CFAV) from field-collected flood-water Aedes mosquitoes sampled from a dambo in Central Kenya","volume":"148","author":"Sang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000617","article-title":"Wolbachia restricts insect-specific flavivirus infection in Aedes aegypti cells","volume":"97","author":"Schnettler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.03.022","article-title":"Dual insect specific virus infection limits arbovirus replication in Aedes mosquito cells","volume":"518","author":"Schultz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17226","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17226","article-title":"Transmission mode predicts coinfection patterns of insect-specific viruses in field populations of the Queensland fruit fly","volume":"33","author":"Sharpe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-025-06314-5","article-title":"Arboviruses: the hidden danger of the tropics","volume":"170","author":"Siew","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(75)90113-0","article-title":"An agent in the Aedes aegypti cell line (Peleg) which causes fusion of Aedes albopictus cells","volume":"64","author":"Stollar","year":"1975","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.017","article-title":"Phage therapy: from biological mechanisms to future directions","volume":"186","author":"Strathdee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19948","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47086-9","article-title":"Exploring the immunogenicity of an insect-specific virus vectored Zika vaccine candidate","volume":"13","author":"Tanelus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1940","article-title":"Detection of Sindbis and Inkoo virus RNA in genetically typed mosquito larvae sampled in northern Sweden","volume":"16","author":"Tingstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2018.04.005","article-title":"Discovery of Mwinilunga alphavirus: a novel alphavirus in Culex mosquitoes in Zambia","volume":"250","author":"Torii","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071501","article-title":"Reporter Flaviviruses as tools to demonstrate homologous and heterologous superinfection exclusion","volume":"14","author":"Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.07.005","article-title":"Insect-specific flavivirus infection is restricted by innate immunity in the vertebrate host","volume":"497","author":"Tree","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00776-12","article-title":"Negevirus: a proposed new taxon of insect-specific viruses with wide geographic distribution","volume":"87","author":"Vasilakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.08.007","article-title":"Insect-specific viruses and their potential impact on arbovirus transmission","volume":"15","author":"Vasilakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020258","article-title":"Protective efficacy of a chimeric insect-specific Flavivirus vaccine against West Nile virus","volume":"8","author":"Vet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04306-w","article-title":"Changes to virus taxonomy and the international code of virus classification and nomenclature ratified by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (2019)","volume":"164","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35407-x","article-title":"Suppression of flavivirus transmission from animal hosts to mosquitoes with a mosquito-delivered vaccine","volume":"13","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.11.001","article-title":"Advances and challenges in synthetic biology for mosquito control","volume":"40","author":"Weng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3362","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26686","article-title":"Mosquito-infecting virus Espirito Santo virus inhibits replication and spread of dengue virus","volume":"93","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evt169","article-title":"Genomic evolution of the pathogenic Wolbachia strain, wMelPop","volume":"5","author":"Woolfit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030368","article-title":"A yellow fever virus 17D infection and disease mouse model used to evaluate a chimeric Binjari-yellow fever virus vaccine","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3232-5","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Menghai flavivirus, a novel insect-specific flavivirus from China","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1624662\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T05:45:13Z","timestamp":1756446313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1624662\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1624662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1624662","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"article-number":"1624662"}}