{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:51:46Z","timestamp":1793256706229,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>On July 23, 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the Mpox outbreak a \u201cPublic Health Emergency of International Concern\u201d (PHEIC), highlighting the urgent need for effective prevention and control measures worldwide. To assist healthcare managers and medical professionals in efficiently and accurately identifying Mpox cases from similar conditions, this study proposes a lightweight deep learning model. The model uses EfficientNet as the backbone network and employs transfer learning techniques to transfer the pre-trained EfficientNet parameters, originally trained on the ImageNet dataset, into this model. This approach allows the model to have strong generalization capabilities while controlling the number of parameters and computational complexity. Experimental results show that, compared to existing advanced methods, the proposed method not only has a lower number of parameters (only 4.14\u202fM), but also achieves optimal values in most performance metrics, including <jats:italic>precision<\/jats:italic> (95.92%), <jats:italic>recall<\/jats:italic> (95.69%), <jats:italic>F1<\/jats:italic> score (95.80%), <jats:italic>ROC AUC<\/jats:italic> (0.998), and <jats:italic>PR AUC<\/jats:italic> (0.999). Furthermore, statistical analysis shows that the cross-validation results of this model have no significant differences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.05), which verifies the robustness of the method in Mpox identification task. Additionally, ablation experiments demonstrate that as the version of EfficientNet\u2019s expanded network increases, the model complexity rises, with performance showing a trend of initially increasing before decreasing. In conclusion, the model proposed in this study effectively balances model\u2019s complexity and inference accuracy. In practical applications, model selection should be based on the specific needs of decision-makers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1627311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T13:25:40Z","timestamp":1754918740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Can deep learning technology really recognize Mpox? A positive response from the EfficientNet model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14232638","article-title":"Tms: ensemble deep learning model for accurate classification of monkeypox lesions based on transformer models with svm","volume":"14","author":"Abdelrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.101574","article-title":"Hybrid model with wavelet decomposition and EfficientNet for accurate skin cancer classification","volume":"16","author":"Aboulmira","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.112553","article-title":"MobileNetV2-based deep learning architecture with progressive transfer learning for accurate monkeypox detection","volume":"169","author":"Al-Gaashani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15020130","article-title":"Deepgenmon: a novel framework for monkeypox classification integrating lightweight attention-based deep learning and a genetic algorithm","volume":"15","author":"Almars","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15050551","article-title":"An integrated deep learning model with EfficientNet and ResNet for accurate multi-class skin disease classification","volume":"15","author":"Alruwaili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70337","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70337","article-title":"Monkeypox virus and pregnancy","volume":"97","author":"Andrieu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81132-4","article-title":"Ensemble deep learning and EfficientNet for accurate diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Arora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2023.02.022","article-title":"MonkeyNet: a robust deep convolutional neural network for monkeypox disease detection and classification","volume":"161","author":"Bala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2020.3041499","article-title":"Leafgan: an effective data augmentation method for practical plant disease diagnosis","volume":"19","author":"Cap","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2025.3530610","article-title":"Conditional contrastive predictive coding for assessment of fetal health from the cardiotocogram","volume":"29","author":"De Vries","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00856-9","article-title":"Human monkeypox: An emerging zoonosis","volume":"4","author":"Di Giulio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2023.111328","article-title":"On the effectiveness of graph data augmentation for source code learning","volume":"285","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.109872","article-title":"Comparative analysis for accurate multi-classification of brain tumor based on significant deep learning models","volume":"188","author":"Elhadidy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqac091","article-title":"Monkeypox in 2022 a new outbreak of an old disease","volume":"158","author":"Guarner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2136","article-title":"Prediction of potential public health risk of the recent multicountry monkeypox outbreak: an update after the end declaration of global public health emergency","volume":"7","author":"Haque","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref16","author":"Haque","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s41019-025-00283-0","article-title":"Analysis and multi-objective protection of public medical datasets from privacy and utility perspectives","volume":"2025","author":"Jahan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Data Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054422","article-title":"Automated monkeypox skin lesion detection using deep learning and transfer learning techniques","volume":"20","author":"Jaradat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102593","article-title":"Monkeypox global research: a comprehensive analysis from emergence to present (1961-2023) for innovative prevention and control approaches","volume":"18","author":"Kameli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpa.2024.100701","article-title":"Enhanced leaf disease detection: Unet for segmentation and optimized EfficientNet for disease classification","volume":"22","author":"Kotwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Softw. Impacts"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.18280\/ts.410239","article-title":"Transfer learning based EfficientNet for knee osteoarthritis classification","volume":"41","author":"Kumari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Traitement Sig"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3390\/s25020394","article-title":"An enhanced approach using Ags network for skin cancer classification","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2024.102660","article-title":"Frontiers and developments of data augmentation for image: from unlearnable to learnable","volume":"114","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.124584","article-title":"Mox-net: multi-stage deep hybrid feature fusion and selection framework for monkeypox classification","volume":"255","author":"Maqsood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15143604","article-title":"Sbxception: a shallower and broader Xception architecture for efficient classification of skin lesions","volume":"15","author":"Mehmood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0281815","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281815","article-title":"Monkeypox detection from skin lesion images using an amalgamation of Cnn models aided with Beta function-based normalization scheme","volume":"18","author":"Pramanik","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51942","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3385099","article-title":"Attention to monkeypox: an interpretable monkeypox detection technique using attention mechanism","volume":"12","author":"Raha","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14235872","article-title":"Attention cost-sensitive deep learning-based approach for skin cancer detection and classification","volume":"14","author":"Ravi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/ai6020032","article-title":"Conditional generative adversarial networks and deep learning data augmentation: a multi-perspective data-driven survey across multiple application fields and classification architectures","volume":"6","author":"Ribas","year":"2025","journal-title":"AI"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27902","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27902","article-title":"Re-emerging human monkeypox: a major public-health debacle","volume":"95","author":"Saxena","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.26599\/TST.2024.9010047","article-title":"Diffusion models for medical image computing: a survey","volume":"30","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tsinghua Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-022-01868-2","article-title":"Monkeypox virus detection using pre-trained deep learning-based approaches","volume":"46","author":"Sitaula","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12010070","article-title":"Data processing and machine learning for assistive and rehabilitation technologies","volume":"12","author":"Tigrini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114448","article-title":"Emergence and evolution of monkeypox virus: epidemiology, pathology, clinical symptoms, preventative and treatment measures","volume":"152","author":"Tripathi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2024.108279","article-title":"A hybrid EfficientNet-DbneAlexnet for brain tumor detection using MRI images","volume":"115","author":"Vasavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-022-00394-z","article-title":"An unfolding monkeypox outbreak in Europe and beyond","volume":"9","author":"Wallau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3390\/app14010295","article-title":"Research on algorithm for authenticating the authenticity of calligraphy works based on improved EfficientNet network","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci.-Basel"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040661","article-title":"Boosted EfficientNet: detection of lymph node metastases in breast cancer using convolutional neural networks","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa227","article-title":"Public health emergencies of international concern: a historic overview","volume":"27","author":"Wilder-Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2023.109847","article-title":"Advmask: a sparse adversarial attack-based data augmentation method for image classification","volume":"144","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.782988","article-title":"A deep learning image data augmentation method for single tumor segmentation","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2024.3524390","article-title":"Learning feature exploration and selection with handcrafted features for few-shot learning","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cyber. Syst."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1627311\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T13:25:41Z","timestamp":1754918741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1627311\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1627311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1627311","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"article-number":"1627311"}}