{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:56:31Z","timestamp":1793382991092,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyze the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of carbapenem-resistant <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (CR-KP) isolates in Ningbo, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for hospital infection control strategies and the implementation of precise clinical diagnosis and treatment protocols.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the period from April 30, 2023 to June 30, 2024, clinical isolates of <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were collected from multiple centers in Ningbo, including The Affiliated Li Huili Hospital (Yinzhou District, Ningbo), Xiangshan Red Cross Taiwan Compatriot Hospital Medical and Health Group (Xiangshan, Ningbo), and the Second Hospital of Ninghai County (Ninghai, Ningbo). A total of 81 CR-KP strains were identified using the broth dilution method for carbapenem resistance screening. These isolates were submitted to Beijing Novo gene Co., Ltd. for sequencing analysis. The sequencing data were analyzed using online tools (<jats:uri>https:\/\/bigsdb.pasteur.fr\/<\/jats:uri> and <jats:uri>http:\/\/genepi.food.dtu.dk\/resfinder<\/jats:uri>) to obtain information on multilocus sequence typing (MLST), capsular serotype (KL type), virulence genes, and resistance genes. Phylogenetic relationships were constructed using SNP software. For plasmid characterization, the PlasmidFinder online tool (<jats:uri>https:\/\/cge.food.dtu.dk\/services\/PlasmidFinder\/<\/jats:uri>) was utilized to identify plasmid replicon genes and perform Inc. typing analysis. Furthermore, to conduct a comprehensive collinearity analysis of the <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KPC-2<\/jats:sub> resistance plasmid gene, gene cluster maps were constructed using Bakta v1.11.0 and Clinker v0.0.28 software packages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 81 CR-KP isolates, MLST typing revealed that ST11 was the predominant sequence type, accounting for 66.67% (54\/81), with KL64 being the dominant capsular type. Among the non-ST11 CR-KP isolates, the ST15 type accounted for 48.15% (13\/27), with KL19 being the predominant capsular serotype. The carriage rate of virulence genes\u2014including <jats:italic>rmpA2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>fyuA<\/jats:italic>, and 10 other genes\u2014was significantly higher in ST11 CR-KP compared to non-ST11 CR-KP (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Analysis of resistance genes revealed that ST11 CR-KP primarily carried <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>KPC-2<\/jats:sub> (100%, 54\/54), whereas the resistance gene profiles among non-ST11 CR-KP isolates were more diverse, including <jats:italic>bla<jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>IMP<\/jats:sub>, and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA<\/jats:sub>. Plasmid typing indicated that ST11 CR-KP predominantly harbored IncFII (98.15%, 53\/54) and RepB (72.22%, 39\/54) plasmid types. In contrast, non-ST11 CR-KP isolates exhibited a wider range of plasmid types, including IncX3 (33.33%, 9\/27), RepB (25.93%, 7\/27), IncFII (25.93%, 7\/27), IncFIB (7.41%, 2\/27), and both ColKP3 and Col440II (7.41%, 2\/27). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated high resistance rates to commonly used antibiotics in both ST11 and non-ST11 CR-KP isolates. ST11 CR-KP exhibited 100% resistance to six antibiotics, including ceftriaxone (CRO), cefotetan (CTT), and cefepime (FEP), and showed susceptibility only to gentamicin (GEN), aztreonam\/avibactam (AZA), ceftazidime\/avibactam (CZA), polymyxin B (POL), and tigecycline (TGC). Non-ST11 CR-KP showed a significantly higher resistance rate to gentamicin (GEN) and ceftazidime\/avibactam (CZA) than ST11 CR-KP (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05), but lower resistance rates to cefotetan (74.07%), all of which were statistically significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the Ningbo region, CR-KP is predominantly of the ST11-KL64 type, exhibiting both strong antimicrobial resistance and high virulence characteristics. Non-ST11 CR-KP isolates carry genetically diverse carbapenemase genes and mobile genetic elements (e.g., IncX3, ColKP3). ST11 CR-KP strains demonstrate significantly stronger resistance profiles compared to non-ST11 strains. Therefore, stringent control over the use of carbapenem antibiotics is essential, along with measures to prevent the spread of resistance plasmids and the continuous improvement of hospital infection control strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1628592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T06:06:05Z","timestamp":1753077965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a multicenter study in Ningbo, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hongfei","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanye","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanzi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e126","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks406","article-title":"PhiSpy: a novel algorithm for finding prophages in bacterial genomes that combines similarity- and composition-based strategies","volume":"40","author":"Akhter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11091328","article-title":"Drug efflux pump inhibitors: a promising approach to counter multidrug resistance in gram-negative pathogens by targeting AcrB protein from AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump from Escherichia coli","volume":"11","author":"Alenazy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","article-title":"Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. 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