{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:33:46Z","timestamp":1791466426772,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":260,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>, a Gram-negative bacillus, is the primary etiological agent of Legionnaires\u2019 disease, a severe respiratory infection. The symbiotic relationship between <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> and free-living amoebae (FLAs), particularly <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic> spp., represents a critical intersection of microbial ecology and human pathogenesis. This symbiosis provides <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> with a protective intracellular niche, enhancing its resistance to biocides, increasing its pathogenicity, and facilitating horizontal gene transfer. These interactions not only boost the environmental persistence and dissemination of <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> but also elevate the risk of human exposure through contaminated drinking water systems. This review delves into the sophisticated survival strategies employed by <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> within host cells, including evasion of endocytic pathways, inhibition of phagosome maturation and acidification, and prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion. By elucidating these mechanisms, we underscore the critical need for in-depth research into the <jats:italic>Legionella-<\/jats:italic>amoebae symbiosis and its broader implications for public health. Additionally, we address the challenges and strategies for mitigating environmental risks, emphasizing the importance of innovative approaches to ensure water system safety and prevent pathogen transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1634806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T05:28:13Z","timestamp":1754630893000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The hidden dancers in water: the symbiotic mystery of Legionella pneumophila and free-living amoebae"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuehua","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linzhe","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan D.","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingguang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00604","article-title":"Polymorphisms of a collagen-like adhesin contributes to Legionella pneumophila adhesion, biofilm formation capacity and clinical prevalence","volume":"10","author":"Abdel-Nour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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