{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:07:10Z","timestamp":1758672430818,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of Extended Spectrum Cephalosporin resistant (ESC-R) <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates obtained from Dutch veal calves during a longitudinal study, to better understand the genetic background behind the persistent ESC-R <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> colonization in the dairy and veal sectors. Rectal swabs were collected from 683 calves located in 13 Dutch dairy farms 1 day prior to their transportation to 8 veal farms. At the veal farms, rectal swabs were collected at 5 different time points after arrival. A total of 1,202 ESC-R <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were obtained through selective isolation. Nine out of 13 dairy farms were positive for ESC-R <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f175 isolates), arbitrarily divided in a high prevalence (&amp;gt;50%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f7) or low prevalence farms (&amp;lt;5%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f2) In three veal farms, a relatively high frequency of ESC-R <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was observed (range\u202f=\u202f38\u201384%) while in the remaining five farms, a lower frequency was observed (range\u202f=\u202f5\u201324%). At veal farms, the highest average ESC-R <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> frequency was detected in week two (57.3%). ESBL\/AmpC encoding genes were identified by RT-PCR and amplicon sequencing. ESBL genes (<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-1<\/jats:sub> groups, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-9<\/jats:sub> group) and specific point mutations in the promotor region of the chromosomal <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ampC<\/jats:sub> gene were identified both at dairy farms and veal farms. A total of 364 ESC-R <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were further characterized by WGS to determine the genetic relationship using core genome Multi Locus Sequencing Typing (cgMLST). The ESBL-genes <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-1<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub> were predominant, the majority in combination with a non-ESBL <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM-1<\/jats:sub> gene. In addition, genes encoding resistance against quinolones, aminoglycosides, phenicols, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim were identified in these isolates. Finally, phylogenetic analysis showed a diverse pool of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strains carrying the <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-1<\/jats:sub> gene, while two genetically closely related sequence types (STs) were identified in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strains carrying the <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>, being ST 4981 and ST 2325, the most predominant STs identified. Our results revealed a population of ESC-R <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> which are genetically similar within veal farms and provides evidence of direct transmission and dissemination of ESC-R <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> between the animals during the rearing process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1636304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T05:29:43Z","timestamp":1758605383000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal study on the genetic diversity of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli in Dutch veal calves"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"T. d. J.","family":"Bello Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Marcato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. T.","family":"Veldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Wolthuis-Fillerup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Harders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"van Reenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. S. 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