{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T17:49:19Z","timestamp":1755798559795,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Halitosis is a major issue that negatively affects individuals' social interactions and quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oral dissolving film (ODF) on halitosis and oral pathogenic bacteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare and evaluate the effects of ODF and tongue cleaner on reducing halitosis-related compound concentrations and oral pathogenic bacteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A pilot, single-center, non-randomized, before-after comparative study was conducted with 30 adults with halitosis. The experimental group (n=15) consumed ODF three times daily for 7 days, while the control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 15) used a tongue cleaner for the same period. H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S, CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>SH, and total VSCs were measured using a halitosis analyzer, and seven oral pathogenic bacterial species were analyzed by qPCR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Due to poor compliance, one participant from each group dropped out, resulting in 28 participants included in the final analysis. In the ODF group, H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>SH significantly decreased by 55.1% and 54.4%, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), and <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic> also significantly decreased by 27.9% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.022). The control group did not reach statistical significance for any halitosis parameters, and <jats:italic>Treponema forsythia<\/jats:italic> significantly increased by 5.8% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.047).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>ODF exhibited significant reductions in key halitosis-associated compounds and demonstrated antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria. This suggests ODF may serve as a convenient alternative approach for both halitosis management and dental caries prevention. Further large-scale, randomized trials are warranted to confirm these preliminary findings. This study was registered in <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/trialsearch.who.int<\/jats:ext-link> (KCT0010244).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1639960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T10:14:41Z","timestamp":1755598481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Short-term effects of oral dissolving film on halitosis and oral pathogenic bacteria: a pilot non-randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mu-Yeol","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Je-Hyun","family":"Eom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun-Mi","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young Youn","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Jo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju-Young","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye-Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Phytochemical and antimicrobial studies on the leaves of Spilanthes acmella","volume":"3","author":"Arora","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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