{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:25:23Z","timestamp":1792092323498,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus (B. cereus)<\/jats:italic>\n                      is widely distributed in natural environments, particularly in soil and plant matter, and is frequently linked to foodborne illness outbreaks, accounting for approximately 1.4%\u201312% of food poisoning cases worldwide. This study aimed to assess the presence of toxigenic and emetic genes among\n                      <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility, and investigate the antimicrobial potential of\n                      <jats:italic>Artemisia vulgaris (A. vulgaris)<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect toxigenic and emetic genes in\n                      <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested against a panel of agents. The antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and gene-suppressing activities of methanolic\n                      <jats:italic>A. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract were evaluated using standard microbiological, biochemical, and molecular assays. GC-MS and HPLC analyses were performed to identify major bioactive compounds.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PCR revealed that the isolates harbored hemolysin BL (HBL) genes\n                      <jats:italic>hblA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (8.62%) and\n                      <jats:italic>hblB<\/jats:italic>\n                      (20.68%), non-hemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) genes\n                      <jats:italic>nheA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (20.68%) and\n                      <jats:italic>nheB<\/jats:italic>\n                      (22.41%), as well as\n                      <jats:italic>bceT<\/jats:italic>\n                      (29.30%) and\n                      <jats:italic>ces<\/jats:italic>\n                      (15.51%) genes associated with emetic toxin production. Antibiotic testing showed high sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (91.37%) and rifampicin (96.54%), but strong resistance to ampicillin (86.20%) and novobiocin (65.51%). A. vulgaris extract demonstrated potent antibacterial activity (inhibition zones: 19.20 \u00b1 0.25 mm to 27.10 \u00b1 0.13 mm; MICs: 62.5\u2013250 \u03bcg\/mL), significantly inhibited biofilm formation, and downregulated toxigenic genes by \u22122.5 to \u22125.2 fold (\n                      <jats:sup>***<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.0001). The extract also displayed strong antioxidant activity (IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 12.7 \u03bcg\/mL, DPPH; 14.2 \u03bcg\/mL, ABTS) and low cytotoxicity (IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      : 524.7 \u00b1 1.23 \u03bcg\/mL, Vero cells; 236.5 \u00b1 1.74 \u03bcg\/mL, HFB4 cells). GC-MS identified dopamine N,N-dimethyl-dimethyl ether (40.31%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (16.57%) as major compounds, while HPLC revealed high levels of chlorogenic acid, luteolin, and quercitrin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion\/conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings highlight the public health risks posed by toxigenic\n                      <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in food contamination. The methanolic extract of\n                      <jats:italic>A. vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibits strong antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and gene-suppressing activities, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic strategy against\n                      <jats:italic>B. cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and its virulence factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1640200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T06:25:39Z","timestamp":1761632739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of the risk associated with Bacillus cereus isolates and potential combat with methanolic Artemisia vulgaris extract"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Fareid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal M.","family":"El-Sherbiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy M.","family":"Elafandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagat E.","family":"Eltoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Sharaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Abu-Elghait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina M.","family":"Elkhashab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma A.","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(01)00692-4","article-title":"Production of Bacillus cereus emetic toxin (cereulide) in various foods","volume":"73","author":"Agata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. 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