{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T03:18:25Z","timestamp":1785035905057,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Constipation, a common gastrointestinal disorder, is rapidly increasing in prevalence worldwide. An increasing number of individuals are choosing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as an adjunctive treatment for constipation. In this study, the effect of Maren-Zhizhu emulsion (MRZZ) prepared with <jats:italic>Cannabis sativa<\/jats:italic> L. (Huomaren), <jats:italic>Rehmannia glutinosa<\/jats:italic> Libosch. (Dihuang), <jats:italic>Citrus aurantium<\/jats:italic> L. (Zhiqiao), <jats:italic>Atractylodes macrocephala<\/jats:italic> Koidz. (Baizhu), and tiger nut oils from <jats:italic>Cyperus esculentus<\/jats:italic> L. on relieving loperamide hydrochloride-induced constipation in mice was evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>MRZZ was administered orally at low (0.65\u202fg\/kg) and high (2.6\u202fg\/kg) doses for 14 consecutive days. Loperamide hydrochloride (4\u202fmg\/kg) was used to induce constipation in male ICR mice. Colon tissue pathology, transcriptomics, and changes in the gut microbiota were analyzed to assess the efficacy of MRZZ in alleviating constipation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed changes in fecal water content, time of first black stool, gastrointestinal transit rate, short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) levels, and serum gastrointestinal regulatory peptide levels before and after consuming MRZZ. MRZZ increased the levels of relevant gastrointestinal regulatory neurotransmitters such as MTL, SP, and GAS, as well as SCFAs (especially acetate and isobutyrate). Furthermore, it reshaped the structure of the gut microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic> and reducing potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as <jats:italic>Proteobacteria.<\/jats:italic> In addition, MRZZ suppressed intestinal inflammatory responses and enhances intestinal functions. In conclusion, MRZZ may alleviate constipation by synergistically regulating the gut microbiota, which may enhance the application value of TCM to treat constipation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1641367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T06:35:06Z","timestamp":1755066906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relieving effect of an Maren-Zhizhu emulsion on loperamide hydrochloride-induced constipation in mice and its effects on the gut microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xinran","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuankun","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhidong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ailing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00111-4","article-title":"Global prevalence of functional constipation according to the Rome criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Barberio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1233","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.12.034","article-title":"Mechanisms, evaluation, and management of chronic constipation","volume":"158","author":"Bharucha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.028","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation","volume":"144","author":"Bharucha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450124666221209123541","article-title":"Potential targets in constipation research: a review","volume":"24","author":"Bisht","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11483-019-09582-2","article-title":"How do different types of emulsifiers\/stabilizers affect the in vitro intestinal digestion of O\/W emulsions?","volume":"14","author":"Borreani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Biophysics."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02428-6","article-title":"Host adaptation in gut Firmicutes is associated with sporulation loss and altered transmission cycle","volume":"22","author":"Browne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dev193854","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.193854","article-title":"A primer for generating and using transcriptome data and gene sets","volume":"147","author":"Cockrum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16203498","article-title":"Initial study on the impact of probiotics on postoperative gastrointestinal symptoms and gut microbiota after sleeve gastrectomy: a placebo-controlled study","volume":"16","author":"Dowgia\u0142\u0142o-Gornowicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87560","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087560","article-title":"Role of the lower and upper intestine in the production and absorption of gut microbiota-derived PUFA metabolites","volume":"9","author":"Druart","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1909406","article-title":"How autophagy controls the intestinal epithelial barrier","volume":"18","author":"Foerster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111479","article-title":"Rhubarb extract relieves constipation by stimulating mucus production in the colon and altering the intestinal flora","volume":"138","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0283","article-title":"The composition of intestinal microbiota and its association with functional constipation of the elderly patients","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301800","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1301800","article-title":"Myrrh protects against IL-13-induced epithelial barrier breakdown in HT-29\/B6 cells","volume":"14","author":"Hader","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.10.024","article-title":"Butyrate\u2019s role in human health and the current progress towards its clinical application to treat gastrointestinal disease","volume":"42","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.2867-23","article-title":"Management of chronic constipation: a comprehensive review","volume":"64","author":"Hojo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5505.881","article-title":"Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine","volume":"291","author":"Hooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5607","DOI":"10.1039\/d0fo00208a","article-title":"Pediococcus pentosaceus B49 from human colostrum ameliorates constipation in mice","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118761","article-title":"Bamboo shavings derived O-acetylated xylan alleviates loperamide-induced constipation in mice","volume":"276","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-017-9220-7","article-title":"Microbial treatment in chronic constipation","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15217","article-title":"The mutual interplay of gut microbiota, diet and human disease","volume":"287","author":"Illiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109316","article-title":"Effect of Durio zibethinus rind polysaccharide on functional constipation and intestinal microbiota in rats","volume":"136","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5226","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.12.5226-5230.2000","article-title":"Effect of linoleic acid concentration on conjugated linoleic acid production by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2407.07036","article-title":"Kjellmaniella crassifolia reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in Caco-2 cells and ameliorates Loperamide-induced constipation in mice","volume":"34","author":"Kirindage","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197837","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2197837","article-title":"Effects of dietary fibers or probiotics on functional constipation symptoms and roles of gut microbiota: a double-blinded randomized placebo trial","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033069","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1033069","article-title":"Cannabis sativa L. alleviates loperamide-induced constipation by modulating the composition of gut microbiota in mice","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5929","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5929","article-title":"Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry combined with molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation reveals the source of bitterness in the traditional Chinese medicine formula Runchang-Tongbian","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2009","article-title":"Component analysis of Pu-erh and its anti-constipation effects","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2023.03.048","article-title":"Beneficial effects of fermented jujube pulp in relieving loperamide hydrochloride-induced constipation in male ICR mice","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Human Wellness"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-038X.2021.08.11","article-title":"The relationship between the intestinal flora and disease condition in patients with functional constipation","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Tradit West Med Dig."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2296","article-title":"The potential of quercetin to protect against loperamide-induced constipation in rats","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2418415","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2418415","article-title":"Lactobacillaceae differentially impact butyrate-producing gut microbiota to drive CNS autoimmunity","volume":"16","author":"Montgomery","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2010.12.010","article-title":"Epidemiology of constipation in children and adults","volume":"140","author":"Mugie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1975-8","article-title":"Neuronal programming by microbiota regulates intestinal physiology","volume":"578","author":"Obata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47637","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10256","article-title":"CCR4 promotes metastasis via ERK\/NF-\u03baB\/MMP13 pathway and acts downstream of TNF-\u03b1 in colorectal cancer","volume":"7","author":"Ou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00277","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Parada Venegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117637","article-title":"The rhizomes of Atractylodes macrocephala relieve loperamide-induced constipation in rats by regulation of tryptophan metabolism","volume":"322","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1098-612X(03)00002-0","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids stimulate feline colonic smooth muscle contraction","volume":"5","author":"Rondeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2012.00190.x","article-title":"Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) commercialization: health aspects, composition, properties, and food applications","volume":"11","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Zapata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz266","article-title":"The JAK-inhibitor tofacitinib rescues human intestinal epithelial cells and colonoids from cytokine-induced barrier dysfunction","volume":"26","author":"Sayoc-Becerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001687","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of current pharmacologic options for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation","volume":"117","author":"Sayuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Official J. American College of Gastroenterol. ACG."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4771","DOI":"10.1039\/c9fo00883g","article-title":"Mulberry leaves ameliorate obesity through enhancing brown adipose tissue activity and modulating gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Sheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071464","article-title":"The intestinal fate of citrus flavanones and their effects on gastrointestinal health","volume":"11","author":"Stevens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29092097","article-title":"Hemp seeds (Cannabis sativa L.) as a valuable source of natural ingredients for functional foods\u2014a review","volume":"29","author":"T\u0103nase Apetroaei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890314","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.890314","article-title":"Bifidobacterium lactis TY-S01 prevents loperamide-induced constipation by modulating gut microbiota and its metabolites in mice","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02927-7","article-title":"Ferulic acid improves intestinal barrier function through altering gut microbiota composition in high-fat diet-induced mice","volume":"61","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0259195","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259195","article-title":"Vil-Cre specific Schlafen 3 knockout mice exhibit sex-specific differences in intestinal differentiation markers and Schlafen family members expression levels","volume":"16","author":"Vomhof-DeKrey","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-024-06083-4","article-title":"Accuracy of transabdominal ultrasound to diagnose functional constipation and fecal impaction in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Vos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103953","article-title":"Acetic acid and butyric acid released in large intestine play different roles in the alleviation of constipation","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2024.01036","article-title":"Considering traditional Chinese medicine as adjunct therapy in the management of chronic constipation by regulating intestinal flora","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115075","article-title":"Research progress in the treatment of slow transit constipation by traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"290","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1039\/d4fo02781g","article-title":"The hypoglycemic effect of mulberry (Morus atropurpurea) fruit lacking fructose and glucose by regulation of the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6733851","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6733851","article-title":"Study on medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine in treating constipation through data mining and network pharmacology","volume":"2022","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10927","article-title":"Chemical and microbial characterization for fermentation of water-soluble cellulose acetate in human stool cultures","volume":"101","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2023.116732","article-title":"The co-regulation of the gut microbiome and host genes might play essential roles in metformin gastrointestinal intolerance","volume":"481","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2023.100868","article-title":"Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) oil: a review of bioactive compounds, extraction technologies, potential hazards and applications","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goab035","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in functional constipation","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Report."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483048","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1483048","article-title":"Co-frequency or contrary? The effects of Qiwei Baizhu powder and its bioactive compounds on mucosa-associated microbiota of mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12808","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312808","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug metabolism in humans","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14511","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914511","article-title":"NOD-like receptor signaling pathway in gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases and cancers","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422564","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1422564","article-title":"Association between dietary calcium intake and constipation in a metabolic syndrome population: evidence from NHANES 2005\u20132010","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1039\/d4fo05835f","article-title":"Bifidobacterium bifidum CCFM1163 alleviates cathartic Colon by activating the BDNF-TrkB-PLC\/IP3 pathway to reconstruct the intestinal nerve and barrier","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801187","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201801187","article-title":"Abundance of probiotics and butyrate-production microbiome manages constipation via short-chain fatty acids production and hormones secretion","volume":"63","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1641367\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T06:35:07Z","timestamp":1755066907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1641367\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1641367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1641367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"article-number":"1641367"}}