{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:03:06Z","timestamp":1787068986047,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) can contribute to souring and to the corrosion of infrastructure built to support many industrial operations, including in aquatic environments. While chemicals such as biocides can effectively treat planktonic cells, less is known about biocide efficacy for treating established biofilms potentially plaguing infrastructure. We used a biofilm flow cell system to examine the efficacy of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a nitrosating compound proposed as a \u201cgreen\u201d biocide) and alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC), a membrane-disrupting biocide used across many sectors, to mitigate existing SRM biofilms. Biofilms were treated with various amounts of SNP (15\u2013750\u202fppm) or ADBAC (25\u2013500\u202fppm) for 10\u201314\u202fh. Biofilm responses were tracked by measuring sulfide concentrations and were also analyzed for microbial community composition and by microscopy. Planktonic SRM cultures were inhibited by 15\u202fppm SNP, while biofilms were only transiently inhibited by 15\u2013750\u202fppm SNP. Planktonic cultures were inhibited by 10\u202fppm ADBAC, but 50\u202fppm ADBAC did not suppress sulfide production in existing biofilms. ADBAC added at 100\u202fppm to the biofilms showed transient inhibition while the 250 and 500\u202fppm treatments completely inhibited sulfidogenesis. Two-photon microscopy showed primarily viable cells following the 50\u202fppm ADBAC treatments, a mix of viable and non-viable cells following the 100\u202fppm ADBAC treatment, and non-viable cells following the 250 and 500\u202fppm ADBAC treatments, confirmed by quantitative analysis of the images. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Desulfobulbus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and either\n                    <jats:italic>Desulfomicrobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    in active biofilms, with these taxa differentially persisting after many of the biocide treatments. The results revealed that higher doses of biocides are needed to effectively treat existing SRM biofilms compared to planktonic cells, and that biocide dosing may only be transiently effective. Studying the effects of chemical treatments on sessile rather than planktonic communities in aquatic environments may lead to more effective treatment strategies to mitigate problematic biofilms plaguing infrastructure degradation across many industries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1646177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:45:15Z","timestamp":1769150715000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Determining biocide efficacy for treating established sulfate-reducing biofilms using flow cell systems"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gloria N.","family":"Okpala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Brideau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Live Cell Imaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pina","family":"Colarusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Live Cell Imaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Gieg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-023-00649-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of emerging resistance associated with non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"76","author":"Baig","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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