{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:43:56Z","timestamp":1791834236905,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006454","name":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr Lebensmittelsicherheit und Veterin\u00e4rwesen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006454","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a global health concern, which is partly driven by rising meat consumption, which has led to the intensive farming of livestock that relies on antibiotics. ready-to-eat animal products can carry antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing risks to humans since they are often consumed without further cooking. While countries such as Switzerland limit antibiotic use in agriculture, contamination of meat with antibiotic-resistant bacteria can still occur during meat processing, and non-antibiotic agents such as heavy metals may contribute to the co-selection of resistance. This study aimed to characterize antibiotic-resistant bacteria in ready-to-eat meat products from various Swiss butcheries. Presumptive resistant bacteria were isolated using selective plating and analyzed phenotypically and genotypically. A total of 53 bacteria-antibiotic resistance combinations were identified, including Enterobacterales resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, and one strain of methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>. Of the 804 products sampled, 177 antibiotic-resistant bacteria were isolated, 148 of which showed multidrug resistance. Notably, these strains remained susceptible to last-resort antibiotics such as carbapenems and colistin. Whole-genome sequencing of 31 selected isolates revealed 164 antibiotic resistance genes spanning 25 classes, confirming resistance to beta-lactams, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines. We also detected genes conferring resistance to metals, suggesting co-selection pressures. Long-read sequencing revealed that the majority of the antibiotic resistance genes were chromosomal, while others were plasmid-encoded, indicating the potential for horizontal gene transfer. This study demonstrates that ready-to-eat meat products are reservoirs of antibiotic and metal resistance genes, as well as antibiotic-resistant bacteria, even at low levels. From a One Health perspective, our results highlight the importance of extending AMR surveillance across the food chain and underscore the need to include non-traditional bacterial indicators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1649307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T05:27:17Z","timestamp":1757482037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from Swiss ready-to-eat meat products"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Thoenen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Hummerjohann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Schwendimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-024-10876-0","article-title":"Metagenomic assemblies tend to break around antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"25","author":"Abramova","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59870-2","article-title":"Genotypic analyses of IncHI2 plasmids from enteric bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Algarni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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