{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T03:03:53Z","timestamp":1789441433369,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13GW0458D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13GW0458D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13N15717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13N15717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carbapenemase-producing bacteria undermine the efficacy of carbapenems, a class of last-resort antibiotics used primarily to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Carbapenemases are among the most alarming antimicrobial resistance mechanisms because they inactivate all \u03b2-lactam antibiotics leaving clinicians with few or no therapeutic options. The genes encoding these enzymes are typically located on mobile genetic elements (MGE), which facilitate rapid horizontal gene transfer among different bacterial species. These MGE\u2019s often additionally carry toxin-antitoxin systems that promote long-term persistence in bacterial populations. Carbapenem-resistant <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> (CRE) often colonize the gastrointestinal tract without symptoms, serving as silent reservoirs for further dissemination. Infections caused by CRE are associated with high morbidity and mortality and are frequently resistant to multiple drug classes. Given the urgent clinical need for rapid diagnostics, immunochromatographic assays represent a promising and urgently needed approach for economic and available point-of-care detection. However, the development of such assays is often hindered by the time-consuming process of identifying high-affinity antibody pairs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To accelerate this process, we evaluated a protein microarray platform as a high-throughput screening tool to identify optimal monoclonal antibody (mAb) pairs targeting the most clinically relevant carbapenemases. Monoclonal antibodies derived from hybridoma libraries and commercial sources were spotted in triplicates and tested in a single experiment against lysates from reference strains expressing the carbapenemase enzymes KPC, NDM, IMP, VIM, OXA-23\/48\/58, and MCR-1, an enzyme conferring resistance to colistin. Signal intensities were quantified, and diagnostic performance was assessed across four thresholds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cut-off &amp;gt; 0.2 yielded the best balance, with approximately 61% balanced accuracy and \u226599% specificity. Around 22% of tested antibodies showed strong, reproducible reactivity. For several targets\u2013such as KPC, IMP, VIM, OXA-58, and MCR-1\u2013100% sensitivity was achieved. The array allowed simultaneous mapping of cross-reactivity, a key advantage over conventional ELISA workflows.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings confirm that protein-based microarrays offer a robust, efficient platform for antibody pair selection, reducing reagent use while accelerating assay development. The validated antibody pairs are directly applicable to ELISA or lateral flow test formats and provide a strong foundation for next-generation diagnostics capable of detecting an evolving panel of carbapenemases in clinical settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1650094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T04:12:46Z","timestamp":1756181566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High-throughput screening of monoclonal antibodies against carbapenemases using a multiplex protein microarray platform"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sascha D.","family":"Braun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Reinicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Diezel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Frankenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Arends","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Monecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Ehricht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz935","article-title":"CARD 2020: Antibiotic resistome surveillance with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database.","volume":"48","author":"Alcock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020141","article-title":"Epidemiology and genetic traits of carbapenemase-producing enterobacterales: A global threat to human health.","volume":"14","author":"Alvisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1185577","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory considerations for the rapid detection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.","volume":"8","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00248-17","article-title":"Development and validation of a lateral flow immunoassay for rapid detection of NDM-producing Enterobacteriaceae.","volume":"55","author":"Boutal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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