{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:15:31Z","timestamp":1784798131544,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Dandruff is a chronic scalp condition and the mildest form of seborrheic dermatitis, associated with microbial dysbiosis primarily involving\n                    <jats:italic>Malassezia furfur<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Conventional anti-dandruff treatments are often limited by recurrence and reliance on synthetic antifungal agents. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a synergistic, oil-based herbal formulation with antimicrobial activity against dandruff-causing microorganisms.\n                    <jats:italic>The herbal constituent, Eucalyptus citriodora (EC) oil, individually signifies its efficacy against key dandruff-causing microbes,<\/jats:italic>\n                    while\n                    <jats:italic>Centella asiatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Wedelia trilobata<\/jats:italic>\n                    were included for their complementary bioactive and skin-healing properties. A total of three formulations (F1, F2, and F3), containing 8, 10, and 12% EC oil, respectively, were tested for antimicrobial efficacy. The optimized formulations (F2 and F3) exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, resulting in 1.8\u20131.9-fold and 2.0\u20132.5-fold reductions in\n                    <jats:italic>M. furfur<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    cell viability, respectively. Fluorescence-based LIVE\/DEAD viability assays and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed membrane disruption and structural damage in the treated cells of\n                    <jats:italic>M. furfur<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In addition, molecular docking and dynamics simulations demonstrated strong binding affinities of\n                    <jats:italic>Eucalyptus citriodora<\/jats:italic>\n                    oil constituents toward lanosterol 14\u03b1-demethylase (LDM), suggesting disruption of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway as a plausible antifungal mechanism. The obtained findings indicated that the formulated herbal combination exerts a multi-targeted antimicrobial effect and represents a promising natural alternative for controlling microbial populations involved in dandruff pathogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1654658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:17:53Z","timestamp":1763727473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A synergistic herbal formulation targeting Malassezia furfur and Staphylococcus epidermidis for effective dandruff management"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Satyendra Pratap","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhanu","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankita","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepali","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharad","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"GROMACS 2020.1 (Manual Version 2020.1)","author":"Abraham","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2015.06.001","article-title":"GROMACS: high performance molecular simulations through multi-level parallelism from laptops to supercomputers","volume":"1","author":"Abraham","year":"2015","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27622","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus in patients with facial seborrheic dermatitis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Alsmeirat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Manual of dermatologic therapeutics","author":"Arndt","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063266","article-title":"A systematic review of the effect of Centella asiatica on wound healing","volume":"19","author":"Arribas-L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1139\/V09-133","article-title":"Design and synthesis of some biologically interesting natural and unnatural products based on organosulfur and selenium chemistry","volume":"87","author":"Back","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.08.008","article-title":"Eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide","volume":"256","author":"Batish","year":"2008","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3684","DOI":"10.1063\/1.448118","article-title":"Molecular dynamics with coupling to an external bath","volume":"81","author":"Berendsen","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.13188\/2373-1044.1000019","article-title":"Seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff: a comprehensive review","volume":"3","author":"Borda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2013.33378","article-title":"Centella asiatica in cosmetology","volume":"30","author":"Bylka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol.Alergologii"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5110","article-title":"Centella asiatica in dermatology: an overview","volume":"28","author":"Bylka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202100799","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202100799","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of fermented Ocimum sanctum Linn. Extracts against skin and scalp microorganisms","volume":"19","author":"Chaiyana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2017.1385383","article-title":"Titrated extract of Centella asiatica increases hair inductive property through inhibition of STAT signaling pathway in three-dimensional spheroid cultured human dermal papilla cells","volume":"81","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.15406\/jbmoa.2017.04.00076","article-title":"Topical antifungals used for treatment of seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"4","author":"Chowdhry","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol. Mycol. Open Access"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00384-1","article-title":"Correlation between chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants growing in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"79","author":"Cimanga","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058203","article-title":"Dandruff is associated with disequilibrium in the proportion of the major bacterial and fungal populations colonizing the scalp","volume":"8","author":"Clavaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.123512","article-title":"Effects of methanol extract of Wedelia chinensis osbeck (asteraceae) leaves against pathogenic bacteria with emphasise on Bacillus cereus","volume":"75","author":"Darah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"The Materia medica of the Hindus: Compiled from Sanskrit medical works","author":"Dutt","year":"1877"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202301_30850","article-title":"Anticandidal effect of Eucalyptus oil and three isolated compounds on cutaneous wound healing in rats","volume":"27","author":"El-Sakhawy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1087-0024.2005.10103.x","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of common scalp disorders","volume":"10","author":"Elewski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1159\/000069969","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and inflammation revisited: the state of the art: NIH clinical staff conference","volume":"10","author":"Franchimont","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v13i5.6079","article-title":"Formulation perspectives in topical antifungal drug therapy: a review","volume":"13","author":"Godge","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Ther."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225796","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225796","article-title":"The diversity and abundance of fungi and bacteria on the healthy and dandruff affected human scalp","volume":"14","author":"Grimshaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/02772248.2020.1824258","article-title":"Cytotoxic, genotoxic, oxidative, and irritant effects of zinc pyrithione in vitro","volume":"102","author":"G\u00fcner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"11","article-title":"International of academic medicine and pharmacy","volume":"3","author":"G\u00fcner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Acad. Med. Pharm."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0975-3575(10)80110-5","article-title":"Indian medicinal plants used in hair care cosmetics: a short review","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2003.12.034","article-title":"Skin diseases associated with Malassezia species","volume":"51","author":"Gupta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000152","article-title":"Malassezia furfur promoting growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis by increasing pH when cultured in a lipid-free environment","volume":"132","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis of AOAC international","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.2174\/1386207324666210712094148","article-title":"Essential oils as potential source of anti-dandruff agents: a review","volume":"25","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2023.109669","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of different coatings for packaging materials containing functional extenders against selected microorganisms typical for food","volume":"148","author":"Korte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2019.10.010","article-title":"Ketoconazole shampoo-induced hair discoloration\u2606","volume":"6","author":"Kubicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Women's Dermatol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1021\/ci200227u","article-title":"LigPlot+: multiple ligand\u2013protein interaction diagrams for drug discovery","volume":"51","author":"Laskowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa068","article-title":"Effect of zinc pyrithione shampoo treatment on skin commensal Malassezia","volume":"59","author":"Leong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.112138","article-title":"Characterization of controlled-release Eucalyptus citriodora oil\/zinc ions nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial properties against E. coli O157: H7 in fruit juice","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2023.100354","article-title":"Possible plant-based solutions for skin yeast infections","volume":"48","author":"Lopes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.10.055","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing activities of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus radiata essential oils","volume":"79","author":"Lu\u00eds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2003.03.002","article-title":"Well diffusion for antifungal susceptibility testing","volume":"8","author":"Magaldi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2023.01.023","article-title":"Seborrheic dermatitis: topical therapeutics and formulation design","volume":"185","author":"Mangion","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374718","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01108","article-title":"Dermatophyte resistance to antifungal drugs: mechanisms and prospectus","volume":"9","author":"Martinez-Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2023.4401","article-title":"Maintenance effect of a once-weekly regimen of a selenium disulfide-based shampoo in moderate-to-severe scalp seborrheic dermatitis after initial treatment with topical corticosteroid\/salicylic acid","volume":"33","author":"Massiot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"The ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5958\/2231\u20135691","article-title":"Pharmacological and phytochemical evidences for the plants of Wedelia genus\u2013a review","volume":"1","author":"Meena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2018.04.006","article-title":"Bacterial endophytes modulates the withanolide biosynthetic pathway and physiological performance in Withania somnifera under biotic stress","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003100768","volume-title":"The phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of ethnomedicinal plants","author":"Mohan","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.09.024","article-title":"Development of ayurveda\u2013tradition to trend","volume":"197","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.13041","article-title":"Clear scalp, clear mind: examining the beneficial impact of dandruff reduction on physical, emotional and social wellbeing","volume":"47","author":"Newton-Fenner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.20959\/wjpps201711-10399","article-title":"Comparing the pharmacological activities of Sphagneticolacalendulaceae and Sphagneticola trilobata an over view","volume":"6","author":"Nithin Manohar","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref49","author":"Okokon","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738314","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/738314","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial and time-kill evaluation of the Erythrina caffra Thunb. Extract against bacteria associated with diarrhoea","volume":"2012","author":"Olajuyigbe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5462633","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of Centella asiatica on skin diseases: evidence and possible mechanisms","volume":"2021","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2013.09.002","article-title":"Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction and HPLC identification of wedelolactone from Wedelia calendulacea by orthogonal array design","volume":"5","author":"Patil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"213","article-title":"Ayurveda: the designer medicine","volume":"37","author":"Patwardhan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian Drugs"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2024.1987","article-title":"The global prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"160","author":"Polaskey","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/s0367-326x(02)00065-5","article-title":"Antifungal activity of the volatile oil of Eucalyptus citriodora","volume":"73","author":"Ramezani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000175","article-title":"Essential oils and health","volume":"93","author":"Ramsey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10571.x","article-title":"The antifungal mechanism of action of zinc pyrithione","volume":"165","author":"Reeder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2017.643.648","article-title":"Antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora and Saraca indica against fungal isolates from dermatological disorders in canines","volume":"13","author":"Ruchi Tiwari","year":"2017","journal-title":"IJP"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.130129","article-title":"Association of Malassezia species with dandruff","volume":"139","author":"Rudramurthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00112","article-title":"Malassezia-associated skin diseases, the use of diagnostics and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Saunte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"25","article-title":"Multicenter, open-label, non-comparative study of a combination of polytar and zinc pyrithione shampoo in the management of dandruff","volume":"70","author":"Sawleshwarkar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/0717-6287-48-7","article-title":"Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of seven Eucalyptus species essential oils leaves","volume":"48","author":"Sebei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.7691\/jph.2013.106","article-title":"Herbal armamentarium for the culprit dandruff","volume":"4","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytopharm. Res."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(98)00141-X","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from Centella asiatica","volume":"65","author":"Shukla","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.10.013","article-title":"Art of prevention: essential oils-natural products not necessarily safe","volume":"7","author":"Sindle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Dermatol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2012.03.019","article-title":"Assessment of in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oil of Eucalyptus citriodora (lemon-scented eucalypt; Myrtaceae) and its major constituents","volume":"48","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01655","article-title":"The evolutionary conserved \u03b3-core motif influences the anti-Candida activity of the penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein PAF","volume":"9","author":"Sonderegger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-022-00930-5","article-title":"Seborrheic dermatitis in older adults: pathogenesis and treatment options","volume":"39","author":"Sowell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568032","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.568032","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of Centella asiatica and its triterpenes: a review","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2004.01538.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of eucalyptus leaf extracts and flavonoids from Eucalyptus maculata","volume":"39","author":"Takahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.36295\/ASRO.2020.231823","article-title":"Topical treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff: an overview","volume":"23","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2015.10.009","article-title":"Essential oil of Algerian Eucalyptus citriodora: chemical composition, antifungal activity","volume":"25","author":"Tolba","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21334","article-title":"AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading","volume":"31","author":"Trott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2007.06304.x","article-title":"Shampoos: ingredients, efficacy and adverse effects","volume":"5","author":"Tr\u00fceb","year":"2007","journal-title":"JDDG"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/8.2.127","article-title":"Ligplot: a program to generate schematic diagrams of protein-ligand interactions","volume":"8","author":"Wallace","year":"1995","journal-title":"Protein Eng. Des. Sel."},{"key":"ref76","volume-title":"WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-012-0499-6","article-title":"Medicinal plants extracts affect virulence factors expression and biofilm formation by the uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"40","author":"Wojnicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urol. Res."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24877","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24877","article-title":"Dandruff is associated with the conjoined interactions between host and microorganisms","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7129","article-title":"Structural mechanism of ergosterol regulation by fungal sterol transcription factor Upc2","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595030","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1595030","article-title":"Dysbiosis and genomic plasticity in the oily scalp microbiome: a multi-omics analysis of dandruff pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2006.11.033","article-title":"A new triterpene and a saponin from Centella asiatica","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39286-8","article-title":"Tyrosine residues initiated photopolymerization in living organisms","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21816","article-title":"SwissParam: a fast force field generation tool for small organic molecules","volume":"32","author":"Zoete","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1654658\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:17:57Z","timestamp":1763727477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1654658\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1654658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1654658","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"article-number":"1654658"}}