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Of all the identified structural proteins and non-structural proteins within the coronaviruses, nucleocapsid (N) protein is highly conserved and is the most abundant viral protein in infected host cells. N protein regulates the more complex and diverse mechanisms through which viruses suppress host immunity. In this review, we analyzed the basic structure of coronavirus N protein, and further elaborate on its multifaceted regulatory functions in the virion assembly, pathogenesis, host innate immune responses, as well as the innate immunity-related programmed cell death and cell cycle, and also other cell processes. A better understanding of the immune evasion strategy regulated by N protein will help to provide a theoretical basis for the development of broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus drugs targeting N proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1658339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T14:34:07Z","timestamp":1765290847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Coronavirus nucleocapsid proteins: a multifaceted modulator in the innate immune evasion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuting","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyao","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanqing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihuan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jidong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5975","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae153","article-title":"An alphacoronavirus polymerase structure reveals conserved replication factor functions","volume":"52","author":"Anderson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061115","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and its role in viral structure, biological functions, and a potential target for drug or vaccine mitigation","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490944","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1490944","article-title":"Suppression of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein dimerization by ISGylation and its counteraction by viral PLpro","volume":"15","author":"Bang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. 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