{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:38:46Z","timestamp":1791517126396,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing interest in renewable feedstocks for biochemicals production includes the valorization of cheese whey (CW), a by-product of the dairy industry. CW contains a high concentration of lactose, accounting for most of its organic load, making it a major environmental pollutant if untreated. A valorization approach of CW is based on the separation of valuable proteins by ultrafiltration, and the obtainment of a lactose-rich cheese whey permeate (CWP). The conversion of lactose in CWP into bioethanol is considered a sustainable solution for the valorization of this waste. However, lactose is not metabolized by the yeast species <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>, namely the most industrially used microorganism, to produce bioethanol. Differently, the non-conventional yeast <jats:italic>Kluyveromyces marxianus<\/jats:italic> shows high growth rates on a broad range of industrially relevant substrates, including lactose. This study provides a comprehensive physiological characterization of three <jats:italic>K. marxianus<\/jats:italic> strains (DSM 5422, DSM 7239, and DSM 5572) to evaluate their potential for lactose hydrolysis and fermentation in order to produce advanced bioethanol from CWP. Microplate growth tests, \u03b2-galactosidase activity assays, and flask fermentations were carried out to identify optimal strains for efficient CWP valorization, advancing the applications of <jats:italic>K. marxianus<\/jats:italic> in industrial biotechnology. The optimal conditions for lactose utilization and ethanol production were identified as 130 g\/L of lactose at 42 \u00b0C in semi-synthetic media (SSM). Even though strain DSM 7239 showed the highest \u03b2-galactosidase activity of 27.8 \u00b1 0.9 U mg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, strains DSM 5422 and 5572 were identified as the best performing strains at shake flask experiments in terms of ethanol yield on the substrate, with 0.48 \u00b1 0.03 g\/g and 0.50 \u00b1 0.03 g\/g, respectively, after 1 day of fermentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1663736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T05:50:47Z","timestamp":1759297847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Physiological characterization of Kluyveromyces marxianus strains for the development of a microbial platform to obtain bioethanol from cheese whey permeate"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"De Micco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Radice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Di Fidio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gennaro","family":"Agrimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Pisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.16168","article-title":"A recent glance on the valorisation of cheese whey for industrial prerogative: high-value-added products development and integrated reutilising strategies","volume":"58","author":"Arshad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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