{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:20:02Z","timestamp":1787239202892,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) can be effectively cured with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), yet the impact of CHC on the gut microbiota remains controversial, with limited research on changes in patients who achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) versus those who relapse.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the impact of CHC on the gut microbiota and compare changes between patients who achieved SVR post-DAA treatment and those who relapsed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In this case-control study, 60 stool samples were collected from CHC patients (20 untreated, 20 post-DAAs SVR, and 20 relapsed patients) and 20 healthy individuals. The V3\u2013V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced using MiSeq to analyze bacterial diversity and composition.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Compared with healthy participants, CHC patients presented significantly altered bacterial diversity. The microbial diversity of the SVR patients was similar to that of the controls (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.45), whereas the microbial diversity of the relapsed patients was lower. The gut microbiota clearly clustered on the basis of disease status. Firmicutes were predominant in treated patients, whereas Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were enriched in the relapsed group. Compared with the other groups, the SVR group presented lower Actinobacteria and higher Cyanobacteria levels. Genus-level analysis revealed significant disease-dependent biomarkers and intermicrobial coexistence.\n Prevotella, Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n were more prevalent in relapsed patients, whereas\n Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Agathobacter,<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Parabacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n were more abundant in controls.\n Elusimicrobium<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Christensenellaceae R-7<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Catenibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Oceanobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Candidatus Melainabacteria<\/jats:italic>\n were significantly more abundant in the SVR group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n DAAs have a significant impact on the gut microbiota in CHC patients, resulting in distinct microbial patterns, biomarkers, and interactions. Successful HCV eradication restores bacterial diversity and reestablishes microbial communities resembling those in healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1664447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T05:33:56Z","timestamp":1756964036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Direct-acting antiviral treatment significantly shaped the gut microbiota in chronic hepatitis C patients: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nahla M.","family":"Elsherbiny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omnia M.","family":"Kamal El-Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham Ahmed","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helal F.","family":"Hetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roba","family":"Alatawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa A.","family":"Sayed Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawaz E.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Abdel-Maksoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hashim M.","family":"Aljohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Saad","family":"Badary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zienab Gaber","family":"Mahran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa Abo","family":"Kresha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled Abo","family":"Bakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossam","family":"Abdelwahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4103\/AZMJ.AZMJ_22_18","article-title":"Retrospective study of hepatitis c virus relapse after treatment with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir with or without ribavirin","volume":"16","author":"Abd Alla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Al-Azhar Assiut Med. J."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-016-0124-2","article-title":"Gut microbiome alterations in patients with stage 4 hepatitis C","volume":"8","author":"Aly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x","article-title":"A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-022-00501-4","article-title":"Potential impact of gut Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on hepatic histopathological changes in non-cirrhotic hepatitis C virus patients with different viral load","volume":"14","author":"Ashour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13732","article-title":"HCV eradication does not impact gut dysbiosis or systemic inflammation in cirrhotic patients","volume":"44","author":"Bajaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodol.)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-014-0372-6","article-title":"Utilization of FibroScan in clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Bonder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015","article-title":"Gut microbiota and probiotics in chronic liver diseases","volume":"43","author":"Cesaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W180","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx295","article-title":"Microbiomeanalyst: a web-based tool for comprehensive statistical, visual and meta-analysis of microbiome data","volume":"45","author":"Dhariwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.002","article-title":"Detection of occult hepatitis C virus infection in patients who achieved a sustained virologic response to direct-acting antiviral agents for recurrent infection after liver transplantation","volume":"152","author":"Elmasry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4103\/sjamf.sjamf_32_18","article-title":"Impact of direct-acting antiviral therapy in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis","volume":"2","author":"Elnadry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. J. Al-Azhar Med. Faculty Girls"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"95","article-title":"Determining simple parameters for social classification for health research","volume":"8","author":"Fahmy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull. High Inst. Public Health."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.21608\/amj.2021.196431","article-title":"Assessment of liver fibrosis before and after direct acting antiviral therapy in compensated HCV related liver disease","volume":"50","author":"Fathalla Khattab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Al-Azhar Med. J."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.3390\/app15063157","article-title":"\u021a\u0103lu \u0218tefan. Interaction between human microbiota, immune system, and hepatitis C virus infection: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Frumento","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/mid.2024.303563.2069","article-title":"Treatment with directly acting antivirals (DAAs) in HCV mono-infected and HIV-HCV co-infected patients","author":"Frumento","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbes Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127245","article-title":"The metabolic, protective, and immune functions of Akkermansia muciniphila","volume":"266","author":"Ghotaslou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.60","article-title":"Direct-acting antiviral agents for hepatitis C: structural and mechanistic insights","volume":"13","author":"G\u00f6tte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031397","article-title":"Bile acids and microbiota: multifaceted and versatile regulators of the liver\u2013gut axis","volume":"22","author":"Gr\u00fcner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.018","article-title":"Spatial proteogenomics reveals distinct and evolutionarily conserved hepatic macrophage niches","volume":"185","author":"Guilliams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13485","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota in patients with chronic hepatitis C with and without cirrhosis compared with healthy controls","volume":"38","author":"Heidrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03009-0","article-title":"Changes in the gut microbiota after hepatitis C virus eradication","volume":"11","author":"Honda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09534-w","article-title":"Compositions of gut microbiota before and shortly after hepatitis C viral eradication by direct antiviral agents","volume":"12","author":"Hsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.08.022","article-title":"Effects of direct anti-viral agents on the gut microbiota in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"122","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0296-4","article-title":"Perturbation of the gut microbiome by Prevotella spp. enhances host susceptibility to mucosal inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Iljazovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"1","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy205","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis associated with hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"67","author":"Inoue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2018.11.002","article-title":"Gut microbial dysbiosis associates hepatocellular carcinoma via the gut-liver axis","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12845-1","article-title":"Distinct alterations of gut microbiota between viral- and non-viral-related hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"108","author":"Jinato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.01.003","article-title":"Modulation of the fecal bile acid profile by gut microbiota in cirrhosis","volume":"58","author":"Kakiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90206-6","article-title":"Effect of sulindac on sporadic colonic polyps","volume":"108","author":"Ladenheim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12760","article-title":"The immune response to Prevotella bacteria in chronic inflammatory disease","volume":"151","author":"Larsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004779","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004779","article-title":"Gut microbiota and metabolites associate with outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-treated unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01438","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01438-14","article-title":"Differential modulation by Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii of host peripheral lipid metabolism and histone acetylation in mouse gut organoids","volume":"5","author":"Lukovac","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266","article-title":"The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease","volume":"375","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12666","article-title":"Hcv reinfection incidence among individuals treated for recent infection","volume":"24","author":"Martinello","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S238","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad344","article-title":"Direct-acting antiviral therapy for treatment of acute and recent hepatitis C virus infection: a narrative review","volume":"77","author":"Martinello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1371429","article-title":"Isolation of mucosa-associated microbiota dysbiosis in the ascending colon in hepatitis C virus post-sustained virologic response cirrhotic patients","volume":"14","author":"Midori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151829","article-title":"Bile acids and dysbiosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"11","author":"Mouzaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802866","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1802866","article-title":"Gut microbes from the phylogenetically diverse genus Eubacterium and their various contributions to gut health","volume":"12","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1334160","article-title":"Therapeutic approaches for chronic hepatitis C: a concise review","volume":"14","author":"Nawaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173004","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173004","article-title":"Pili-like proteins of Akkermansia muciniphila modulate host immune responses and gut barrier function","volume":"12","author":"Ottman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.06.005","article-title":"Short-term effects of direct-acting antiviral agents on inflammation and gut microbiota in hepatitis C-infected patients","volume":"67","author":"P\u00e9rez-Matute","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12308","article-title":"Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease","volume":"16","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15004","article-title":"Influence of hepatitis C virus eradication with direct-acting antivirals on the gut microbiota in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Ponziani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13568","article-title":"Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis","volume":"513","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181683","article-title":"HCV replication in gastrointestinal mucosa: potential extra-hepatic viral reservoir and possible role in HCV infection recurrence after liver transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Russelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00432","article-title":"Alterations of the treatment-naive gut microbiome in newly diagnosed hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Sultan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241691","article-title":"Succinivibrionaceae is dominant family in fecal microbiota of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome patients with uveitis","volume":"15","author":"Tecer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.09.022","article-title":"T cell immunity to hepatitis C virus: lessons for a prophylactic vaccine","volume":"74","author":"Thimme","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020534","article-title":"Changes in components of metabolic syndrome after antiviral eradication in hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Trifan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16204","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.16204","article-title":"Metabolomic changes associated with the change in HVPG after DAAs therapy in HCV cirrhotic patients","volume":"45","author":"Virseda-Berdices","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1912628","article-title":"Screening and treatment program to eliminate hepatitis C in Egypt","volume":"382","author":"Waked","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31700","article-title":"Eradication of chronic HCV infection: improvement of Dysbiosis only in patients without liver cirrhosis","volume":"74","author":"Wellh\u00f6ner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref54","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200603000-00015","article-title":"No title colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids","volume":"40","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2464-0","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulate the immune effect against hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119875","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1119875","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiota associated with the occurrence and progression of viral hepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27366","article-title":"Concordance of sustained virological response 4, 12, and 24 weeks post-treatment with sofosbuvir-containing regimens for hepatitis C virus","volume":"61","author":"Yoshida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4232","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3045","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis contributes to the disorder of gut microbiota in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1664447\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T12:24:45Z","timestamp":1757939085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1664447\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1664447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1664447","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"article-number":"1664447"}}