{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:12:12Z","timestamp":1789420332407,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phage therapy has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics for combating intestinal bacterial infections, especially in the era of rising antimicrobial resistance. Despite its therapeutic potential, the clinical translation of phage therapy remains hindered by limited large-scale trial data and incomplete mechanistic understanding. This review systematically evaluates the efficacy of phage therapy in animal models of intestinal diseases, encompassing bacterial infection-induced diarrhea (e.g., cholera, typhoid fever), bacterial enteritis, and sepsis. By synthesizing evidence from bacterial colonization assays, histopathological analyses, and disease severity assessments, we highlight features such as phage-mediated pathogen clearance, changes in inflammatory factors, and intestinal pathology. Furthermore, challenges including phage selection difficulties, host specificity issues, and safety considerations are discussed, along with future research directions aimed at bridging the gap between experimental models and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1672198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T14:49:34Z","timestamp":1764773374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Phage therapy for intestinal infections: efficacy, challenges, and future directions in translational research"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zimo","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiru","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yange","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salwa E.","family":"Gomaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinying","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tieshan","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.09.017","article-title":"Microbiome 101: studying, analyzing, and interpreting gut microbiome data for clinicians","volume":"17","author":"Allaband","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05581-y","article-title":"Gut leakage of fungal-derived inflammatory mediators: part of a gut-liver-kidney axis in bacterial sepsis","volume":"64","author":"Amornphimoltham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224820","article-title":"Intestinal inflammation targets cancer-inducing activity of the microbiota","volume":"338","author":"Arthur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1178-5","article-title":"Gut-origin sepsis in the critically ill patient: pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"46","author":"Assimakopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13100919","article-title":"Beyond antibiotics: what the future holds","volume":"13","author":"Benyamini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy563","article-title":"Reviving phage therapy for the treatment of Cholera","volume":"219","author":"Bhandare","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17645","article-title":"Culturing of \u2018unculturable' human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation","volume":"533","author":"Browne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.7.2874-2878.2005","article-title":"Human volunteers receiving Escherichia coli phage T4 orally: a safety test of phage therapy","volume":"49","author":"Bruttin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0671","article-title":"Evaluation of phage treatment as a strategy to reduce Salmonella populations in growing swine","volume":"8","author":"Callaway","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.029","article-title":"Massive expansion of human gut bacteriophage diversity","volume":"184","author":"Camarillo-Guerrero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01717-3","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis bloodstream infection: does infectious disease specialist consultation make a difference?","volume":"49","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e436","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00152-2","article-title":"Global projections of temperature-attributable mortality due to enteric infections: a modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Chua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e093018","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-093018","article-title":"Updating global estimates of pathogen-attributable diarrhoeal disease burden: a methodology and integrated protocol for a broad-scope systematic review of a syndrome with diverse infectious aetiologies","volume":"15","author":"Colston","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"329","article-title":"Bacteriophage as a treatment in acute medical and surgical infections","volume":"7","author":"D'herelle","year":"1931","journal-title":"Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2192478","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2192478","article-title":"Clostridioides difficile aggravates dextran sulfate solution (DSS)-induced colitis by shaping the gut microbiota and promoting neutrophil recruitment","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.07.003","article-title":"Targeted suppression of human IBD-associated gut microbiota commensals by phage consortia for treatment of intestinal inflammation","volume":"185","author":"Federici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2024.100322","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance profiles of listeria species recovered from retail outlets in Gauteng Province, South Africa","volume":"87","author":"Gana","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00058","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-18","article-title":"The Enterococcus: a model of adaptability to its environment","volume":"32","author":"Garc\u00eda-Solache","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00691-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990-2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"25","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00066","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00066-18","article-title":"Phage therapy in the postantibiotic era","volume":"32","author":"Gordillo Altamirano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48434-5","article-title":"The impact of phage treatment on bacterial community structure is minor compared to antibiotics","volume":"13","author":"Gundersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02248","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02248-18","article-title":"Diagnostic potential and interactive dynamics of the colorectal cancer virome","volume":"9","author":"Hannigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00891","article-title":"Challenge to the intestinal mucosa during sepsis","volume":"10","author":"Haussner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.08.025","article-title":"How to develop a controlled human infection model for Clostridioides difficile","volume":"31","author":"Hensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.11.002","article-title":"Efficacy Of Cocktail phage therapy in treating vibrio cholerae infection in rabbit model","volume":"15","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.02.007","article-title":"Comparative analysis of different oral approaches to treat Vibrio cholerae infection in adult mice","volume":"304","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.10.021","article-title":"Evaluation of bacteriophages for prevention and treatment of diarrhea due to experimental enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O149 infection of pigs","volume":"136","author":"Jamalludeen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro818","article-title":"Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Kaper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.01.004","article-title":"Bacteriophages isolated from stunted children can regulate gut bacterial communities in an age-specific manner","volume":"27","author":"Khan Mirzaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e541","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0458","article-title":"Epidemiology of highly endemic multiply antibiotic-resistant shigellosis in children in the Peruvian Amazon","volume":"122","author":"Kosek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33296-8","article-title":"Shigellosis","volume":"391","author":"Kotloff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"The Effect of Bacteriophage Treatment to Reduce the Rapid Dissemination of Salmonella typhimurium in Pigs","author":"Lee","year":"2001"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3390\/v11121105","article-title":"Yersinia phages and food safety","volume":"11","author":"Leon-Velarde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31529-X","article-title":"Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to identify causes of diarrhoea in children: a reanalysis of the GEMS case-control study","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330900","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1330900","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota and bacterial translocation in acute intestinal injury and mortality in patients admitted in ICU for septic shock","volume":"13","author":"Magnan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1088124","DOI":"10.1080\/21597081.2015.1088124","article-title":"Bacteriophage administration significantly reduces Shigella colonization and shedding by Shigella-challenged mice without deleterious side effects and distortions in the gut microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Mai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624234","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/624234","article-title":"Bacteriophage administration reduces the concentration of listeria monocytogenes in the gastrointestinal tract and its translocation to spleen and liver in experimentally infected mice","volume":"2010","author":"Mai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.040.303","article-title":"Bacteriophage encapsulation using spray drying for phage therapy","volume":"40","author":"Malik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305577","article-title":"Shigella sonnei outbreak investigation during a municipal water crisis-genesee and Saginaw Counties, Michigan, 2016","volume":"110","author":"Mcclung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00480-z","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"9","author":"Meiring","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis Primers"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052709","article-title":"Selection and characterization of a candidate therapeutic bacteriophage that lyses the Escherichia coli O104:H4 strain from the 2011 outbreak in Germany","volume":"7","author":"Merabishvili","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03040-3","article-title":"Controlling the bacterial load of Salmonella typhi in an experimental mouse model by a lytic Salmonella phage STWB21: a phage therapy approach","volume":"23","author":"Mondal","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980025","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.980025","article-title":"Isolation, characterization, and application of a novel polyvalent lytic phage STWB21 against typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella spp","volume":"13","author":"Mondal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.04.018","article-title":"Alterations in enteric virome are associated with colorectal cancer and survival outcomes","volume":"155","author":"Nakatsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.010","article-title":"Efficacy of sterile fecal filtrate transfer for treating patients with clostridium difficile infection","volume":"152","author":"Ott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01705-x","article-title":"Personalized bacteriophage therapy outcomes for 100 consecutive cases: a multicentre, multinational, retrospective observational study","volume":"9","author":"Pirnay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0047223","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00472-23","article-title":"Engineered superinfective Pf phage prevents dissemination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a mouse burn model","volume":"14","author":"Prokopczuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-023-00550-3","article-title":"Emerging applications of phage therapy and fecal virome transplantation for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: challenges and perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Raeisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1006\/anae.1999.0192","article-title":"Prevention of Clostridium difficile -induced ileocecitis with bacteriophage","volume":"5","author":"Ramesh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebnurs-2022-103540","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. Based Nurs."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the Global Burden of disease study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15557","article-title":"Review article: bacteriophages in gastroenterology-from biology to clinical applications","volume":"51","author":"Sabino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0905","article-title":"Direct feeding of microencapsulated bacteriophages to reduce Salmonella colonization in pigs","volume":"8","author":"Saez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00019","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00019-20","article-title":"In vivo targeting of clostridioides difficile using phage-delivered CRISPR-Cas3 antimicrobials","volume":"11","author":"Selle","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23418-y","article-title":"Bacteriophages are more virulent to bacteria with human cells than they are in bacterial culture; insights from HT-29 cells","volume":"8","author":"Shan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14986","article-title":"Chronic diarrhoea in children: a practical algorithm-based approach","volume":"56","author":"Shankar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112366","article-title":"Application of bacteriophages for mycobacterial infections, from diagnosis to treatment","volume":"9","author":"Shield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113717","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2113717","article-title":"Intestinal phages interact with bacteria and are involved in human diseases","volume":"14","author":"Shuwen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amolm.2023.100029","article-title":"Gut microbiome associated dysbiosis: limited regimens and expanding horizons of phage therapy","volume":"2","author":"Singha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aspects Mol. Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/178178","article-title":"The rapidly progressing and fatal outcome of rhombencephalitis by listeriosis in a 61-year-old male","volume":"31","author":"Skrobas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.3315.47","article-title":"The bacteriophage in the treatment of typhoid fever","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"1924","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0339623","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03396-23","article-title":"Bacteriophage and antibiotic combination therapy for recurrent Enterococcus faecium bacteremia","volume":"15","author":"Stellfox","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/48.3.275","article-title":"Cholera and plague in India: the bacteriophage inquiry of 1927-1936","volume":"48","author":"Summers","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2693","article-title":"Metagenomic species profiling using universal phylogenetic marker genes","volume":"10","author":"Sunagawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003636","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa early-onset neonatal sepsis: could maternal healthcare occupation be a risk factor?","volume":"41","author":"Tabarani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Torres","year":"2018","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0032-2018"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fny136","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fny136","article-title":"Isolation and identification of specific bacteriophage against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and in vitro and in vivo characterization of bacteriophage","volume":"365","author":"Vahedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33294-w","article-title":"Bacteriophage-antibiotic combination therapy against extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection to allow liver transplantation in a toddler","volume":"13","author":"Van Nieuwenhuyse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11090475","article-title":"Microencapsulation of enteric bacteriophages in a pH-responsive solid oral dosage formulation using a scalable membrane emulsification process","volume":"11","author":"Vinner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00785-09","article-title":"Phage therapy to reduce preprocessing Salmonella infections in market-weight swine","volume":"76","author":"Wall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031061","article-title":"Defeating antibiotic-resistant bacteria: exploring alternative therapies for a post-antibiotic era","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-022-01014-z","article-title":"Differences in the intestinal flora of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in southwest China","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00635-06","article-title":"Efficacy of bacteriophage therapy against gut-derived sepsis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice","volume":"51","author":"Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00351","article-title":"The Yersinia phage x1 administered orally efficiently protects a murine chronic enteritis model against yersinia enterocolitica infection","volume":"11","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14187","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14187","article-title":"A cocktail of three virulent bacteriophages prevents Vibrio cholerae infection in animal models","volume":"8","author":"Yen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.03.005","volume":"27","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110787","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1110787","article-title":"The implication of gut microbiota in recovery from gastrointestinal surgery","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1672198\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T14:49:35Z","timestamp":1764773375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1672198\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1672198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1672198","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"article-number":"1672198"}}