{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:53:58Z","timestamp":1785354838101,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      causes severe healthcare-associated infections. High-risk clones are defined by global dissemination and multidrug resistance, yet virulence is heterogeneous. We sought to map accessory-genome determinants associated with high-risk clones by integrating whole-genome sequencing (WGS) with a\n                      <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed 84 clinical isolates plus publicly available genomes using WGS, phylogenomics, and resistome\/virulome profiling. Virulence was measured by\n                      <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                      slow-killing (SK). A GWAS of accessory-genome subelements (AGEs) identified\n                      <jats:italic>loci<\/jats:italic>\n                      with high- (HVA) or low-virulence association (LVA). Coding sequences were annotated with Prokka and InterPro.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although high-risk and sporadic clones carried a similar total number of antimicrobial-resistance genes, 15\/67 (22.38%) genes\/variants were enriched in high-risk clones, producing class-level enrichment (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.002) for aminoglycosides, phenicols, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines, but not\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      -lactams or fosfomycin. Many resistance determinants are recognized mobile-element cargo such as integron cassettes or plasmid\/ICE-borne genes (e.g.,\n                      <jats:italic>aadA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>dfrB<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>VIM-2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>crpP<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>cmlA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>floR<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), indicating a mobility-linked resistome in high-risk clones. GWAS identified 113 AGEs linked to SK virulence (42 HVA, 71 LVA). HVA regions were enriched for pyoverdine (\n                      <jats:italic>fpvA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>pvdE<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>pvdD<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and LPS O-antigen (\n                      <jats:italic>wbpA\/B\/D<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\n                      <jats:italic>loci<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whereas LVA regions were enriched for ICE\/conjugation\/integrase motifs.\n                      <jats:italic>cdsA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>clpP<\/jats:italic>\n                      were newly associated with\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      virulence. Phenotypically, high-risk clones were more often strong biofilm producers and none were non-producers. High-risk clones were not consistently more virulent in SK, suggesting success reflects persistence traits (mobile DNA and biofilm under antibiotic pressure).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accessory-genome GWAS revealed two risk dimensions: acute-virulence programs (HVA) versus mobility functions (LVA) favoring persistence and spread. Because SK measures acute virulence, readouts did not align with high-risk designations. Genomic reports should combine high-risk assignment with accessory-genome and effector profiling to support earlier containment and mechanism-aware, biofilm-focused care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1674635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T13:42:45Z","timestamp":1761918165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genetic and virulence factors behind the success of high-risk Pseudomonas aeruginosa clones: insights from comparative genomics and an experimental infection model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rom\u00e1rio Oliveira","family":"de Sales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Leaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayblegschwel Santos","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra do Rosario","family":"Toniolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Gatti de Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Alves","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marines D. V.","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.187.9.3002-3012.2005","article-title":"Functional characterization of WaaL, a ligase associated with linking O-antigen polysaccharide to the core of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide","volume":"187","author":"Abeyrathne","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6811","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1919198117","article-title":"A comparative genomics approach identifies contact-dependent growth inhibition as a virulence determinant","volume":"117","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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