{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T12:02:06Z","timestamp":1774267326525,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sepsis, a clinically defined life-threatening condition, is a global contributor to high morbidity and mortality rates in humans. It is caused by systemic bloodstream bacterial infections, primarily involving aerobic pathogens such as\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Rapid and accurate identification of these pathogens is a high-demand task, as prolonged diagnosis may increase the mortality rate among sepsis patients. Globally, commercial blood culture systems like the BD BACTEC\u2122 FX blood culture system, which utilizes BD BACTEC\u2122 PLUS Aerobic\/F culture bottles (used in this study), are commonly used to detect aerobic bloodstream infections. However, due to high costs (\u223c$10.00\u2013$15.00\/bottle), limited availability of culture media (especially in low- and middle-income countries, and war zones), and a lack of customization for antibiotic susceptibility assay and epidemiology research, there is a need for secondary alternatives to facilitate the growth and identification of bloodborne pathogens. Therefore, we developed a low-cost (\u223c$4\u2013$5\/bottle) in-house culture medium with a newly improved formulation of Brain Heart Infusion media that enhances bacterial growth from spiked human blood tested on a panel of bacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The growth dynamics of these microbes in in-house formulated BHI-Blood+ culture media coincide with those in BACTEC\u2122 Plus Aerobic\/F culture vials, which primarily suggests the compatibility of bloodborne pathogens with this media and can be flagged positive &amp;lt;8 h based on cellular growth rate. Additionally, conventional qPCR-based early detection (&amp;lt;24 h) and validation with the Oxford Nanopore MinION NGS platform highlight the value of this in-house culture media as an alternative to commercial culture media in terms of low-cost availability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1680006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T06:27:37Z","timestamp":1764656857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Low-cost in-house re-formulated brain heart infusion medium for effective planktonic growth and early detection of bloodstream bacterial pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Hira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasib Bin","family":"Mahbub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jawad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafi","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2019.09.005","article-title":"Environmental electroactive consortia as reusable biosensing element for freshwater toxicity monitoring.","volume":"55","author":"Agostino","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Biotechnol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55635-z","article-title":"Short turnaround time of seven to nine hours from sample collection until informed decision for sepsis treatment using nanopore sequencing.","volume":"14","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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