{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T11:45:00Z","timestamp":1782733500874,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study evaluated the effects of dietary\n                      <jats:italic>Artemisia ordosica<\/jats:italic>\n                      crude polysaccharides (AOCP; 0.5 g\/kg DM) supplementation on milk fatty acid profiles, rectal microbiota, enzymes related to lipid metabolism, and lactation performance in lactating Dezhou donkeys.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A single-factor completely randomized design was used, with 14 lactating Dezhou donkeys (6.16 \u00b1 0.67 years old, 250.06 \u00b1 25.18 kg, parity 2.82 \u00b1 0.48, 39.11 \u00b1 7.42 days in lactation, each with a foal) randomly divided into two groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f7\/group). The CON group was fed a diet with a concentrate to forage ratio of 3:7, while the AOCP group received the same diet supplemented with 0.5 g\/kg DM of AOCP. The trial lasted 10 weeks (including a 2-week adaptation period).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with the CON group, AOCP supplementation significantly enhanced lactation performance (milk yield, fat, lactose) and the digestibility of DM, ADF, NDF, and elevated oleic acid, linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, as well as the unsaturated-to-saturated (U\/S) and polyunsaturated-to-saturated (P\/S) fatty acid ratios, while reducing saturated fatty acids and the c index. AOCP elevated acetate and butyrate in the rectum and the activity of enzymes related to lipid metabolism such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (\n                      <jats:italic>Eubacterium hallii group<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), while decreasing potentially pathogenic bacteria\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>norank_f_Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In summary, AOCP may optimize the fatty acid composition of donkey milk and enhance lactation performance by modulating rectal bacteria structure, enzymes related to lipid metabolism, and nutrient utilization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1682805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T06:10:33Z","timestamp":1762236633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimization of Artemisia ordosica crude polysaccharides on milk fatty acid composition in lactating donkeys and their effects on rectal microbiome and lactation performance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fanzhu","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manman","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14575","article-title":"Interactions of protein levels fed to Holstein cows pre- and postpartum on productive and metabolic responses","volume":"102","author":"Amirabadi Farahani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10653","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-24982","article-title":"Mammary gland responses to altering the supply of de novo fatty acid substrates and preformed fatty acids on the yields of milk components and milk fatty acids","volume":"107","author":"Benoit","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050795","article-title":"Effect of dietary grape pomace on fattening rabbit performance, fatty acid composition, and shelf life of meat","volume":"10","author":"Bouzaida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22465","article-title":"Invited review: human, cow, and donkey milk comparison: focus on metabolic effects","volume":"106","author":"Cimmino","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02558","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the cross-feeding of ruminococcus gnavus and ruminococcus bromii on host and dietary carbohydrates","volume":"9","author":"Crost","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00713","article-title":"The common gut microbe Eubacterium hallii also contributes to intestinal propionate formation","volume":"7","author":"Engels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14020310","article-title":"The fatty acid content, health lipid indices, and instrumental, histological, and sensory quality of hare meat (Lepus europaeus Pallas)","volume":"14","author":"Frunz\u0103","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308171","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1308171","article-title":"Effects of dietary energy level on antioxidant capability, immune function and rectal microbiota in late gestation donkeys","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists: food composition; additives; natural contaminants","author":"Helrich","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S441457","article-title":"Jiangtang decoction ameliorates diabetic kidney disease through the modulation of the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diab. Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-23801","article-title":"Effects of dietary palmitic acid and oleic acid ratio on milk production, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows","volume":"107","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.08.006","article-title":"Chemical characteristics, feed processing quality, growth performance and energy digestibility among wheat classes in pelleted diets fed to weaned pigs","volume":"170","author":"Jha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2012.06.011","article-title":"Effects of dietary addition of wormwood (Artemisia montana Pampan) silage on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and muscle fatty acid profiles of beef cattle","volume":"177","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029915000205","article-title":"Concentrate reduction and sequential roughage offer to dairy cows: effects on milk protein yield, protein efficiency and milk quality","volume":"82","author":"Leiber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.16863\/j.cnki.1003-6377.2013.06.005","article-title":"The analysis of donkey milk production and the research of estimated milk production day","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Grass Feeding Livestock."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6696","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13223575","article-title":"Rectal microbiomes and serum metabolomics reveal the improved effect of Artemisia ordosica crude polysaccharides on the lactation performance, antioxidant and immune responses of lactating donkeys","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2016.1274242","article-title":"Dietary artemisia ordosica extract alleviating immune stress in broilers exposed to lipopolysaccharide","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030423","article-title":"The effect of increasing the proportion of dietary roughage based on the partial replacement of low-quality roughage with alfalfa hay on the fatty acid profile of donkey milk","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2022.115444","article-title":"Effects of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on milk performance, milk amino acid composition and milk protein synthesis of lactating donkeys","volume":"292","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70001-4","article-title":"Streptococcus suis: an emerging zoonotic pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Lun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i14.1274","article-title":"Whey protein: the \"whey\" forward for treatment of type 2 diabetes?","volume":"6","author":"Mignone","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3168\/JDSC.2021-0175","article-title":"Valorization of donkey milk: technology, functionality, and future prospects","volume":"3","author":"Papademas","year":"2022","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13499","article-title":"Effects of Saturated Long-chain Fatty Acid on mRNA Expression of Genes Associated with Milk Fat and Protein Biosynthesis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells","volume":"27","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J Anim Sci."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17194","article-title":"Decreased amylolytic microbes of the hindgut and increased blood glucose implied improved starch utilization in the small intestine by feeding rumen-protected leucine in dairy calves","volume":"103","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7397","article-title":"Effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol on methane emission, digestion, and energy and nitrogen balance of lactating dairy cows","volume":"97","author":"Reynolds","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3010073","article-title":"The natural antimicrobial enzyme lysozyme is up-regulated in gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions","volume":"3","author":"Rubio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl230385","article-title":"The possible preventative role of lactate- and butyrate-producing bacteria in colorectal carcinogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91846-m","article-title":"Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors","volume":"338","author":"Ulbricht","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-16024","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation of sodium acetate and calcium butyrate on milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy cows","volume":"102","author":"Urrutia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2","article-title":"Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition","volume":"74","author":"Van Soest","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages3030034","article-title":"Role of proteins and of some bioactive peptides on the nutritional quality of donkey milk and their impact on human health","volume":"3","author":"Vincenzetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Beverages"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20750","article-title":"Fatty acid profiles of milk from Holstein cows, Jersey cows, buffalos, yaks, humans, goats, camels, and donkeys based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00502-w","article-title":"Palm oil protects \u03b1-linolenic acid from rumen biohydrogenation and muscle oxidation in cashmere goat kids","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101237","article-title":"Fatty acid profile and health lipid indicies of goose meat in relation to various types of heat treatment","volume":"100","author":"Were\u0144ska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26151","DOI":"10.1039\/d0ra05063f","article-title":"Optimization extraction and characterization of Artemisia ordosica polysaccharide and its beneficial effects on antioxidant function and gut microbiota in rats","volume":"10","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162066","article-title":"Effect of varying dietary crude protein level on Milk production, nutrient digestibility, and serum metabolites by lactating donkeys","volume":"12","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1304-z","article-title":"Donkey milk consumption exerts anti-inflammatory properties by normalizing antimicrobial peptides levels in Paneth's cells in a model of ileitis in mice","volume":"57","author":"Yvon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10651","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02257E","article-title":"Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch polysaccharide promotes adipose thermogenesis and decreases obesity by shaping the gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43282-9","article-title":"The oxidoreductase activity of Rnf balances redox cofactors during fermentation of glucose to propionate in Prevotella","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00049-018-00276-8","article-title":"Identification of aqueous extracts from artemisia ordosica and their allelopathic effects on desert soil algae","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemoecology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15020196","article-title":"Rumen bacterial community responses to three DHA supplements: a comparative in vitro study","volume":"15","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1682805\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T06:10:35Z","timestamp":1762236635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1682805\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1682805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1682805","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"article-number":"1682805"}}