{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1767917654551,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Viral elements have been reported in human brain tissue, yet their presence in the putamen\u2014a region critically affected in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA)has not been characterized. We analyzed whole-genome sequencing data from 32 post-mortem putamen samples (PD:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f10; MSA:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f10; healthy controls:\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f12) available under NCBI BioProjects PRJNA756274, PRJNA563007, PRJNA321439, PRJNA555211, and PRJNA555099. Using MetaPhlAn4 for virome profiling, LEfSe for biomarker discovery, and Wilcoxon and ROC analyses for validation, we found that neurodegenerative samples exhibited significantly higher virome alpha diversity compared to healthy controls. LEfSe analysis revealed nine viral species enriched in the neurodegenerative group, including\n                    <jats:italic>Pestivirus A, Pestivirus Giraffe-1, Woolly monkey sarcoma virus, Abelson murine leukemia virus, Murine osteosarcoma virus, Human endogenous retrovirus K, Salmonella virus SP6, Taterapox virus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer virus M1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (LDA score &amp;gt;2;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1<\/jats:italic>\n                    was more abundant in controls. While the functional roles of these viruses in the brain remain to be established, several have been previously linked to immunomodulatory effects, suggesting possible relevance to neurodegenerative disease processes. This pilot study provides the first evidence of a brain virome in the human putamen and suggests a potential link between virome dysbiosis and neurodegenerative disease. Distinct viral signatures identified in PD and MSA may serve as candidate biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1683277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T05:31:42Z","timestamp":1761111102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Brain virome dysbiosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mahin","family":"Ghorbani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Gabarrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zamaneh","family":"Hajikhezri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15060745","article-title":"Human endogenous retroviruses in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"15","author":"Adler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27807","article-title":"Cancer outcomes among Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with leucine rich repeat kinase 2 mutations, idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease patients, and nonaffected controls","volume":"34","author":"Agalliu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081784","article-title":"HERV-K modulates the immune response in ALS patients","volume":"9","author":"Arru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2111405119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111405119","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy patient iPSC-derived oligodendrocytes exhibit alpha-synuclein\u2013induced changes in maturation and immune reactive properties","volume":"119","author":"Azevedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.3c00432","article-title":"Brain virome in neurodegenerative disorders: insights from transcriptomic data analysis","volume":"14","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6050","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20236050","article-title":"Endogenous retroviruses activity as a molecular signature of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"20","author":"Balestrieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2013.862345","article-title":"Human endogenous retroviruses and ADHD","volume":"15","author":"Balestrieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65088","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65088","article-title":"Integrating taxonomic, functional, and strain-level profiling of diverse microbial communities with bioBakery 3","volume":"10","author":"Beghini","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010009","article-title":"HERVs endophenotype in autism spectrum disorder: human endogenous retroviruses, specific immunoreactivity, and disease association in different family members","volume":"13","author":"Bo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000512874","article-title":"Herpesvirus infections and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Camacho-Soto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e220200","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760220200","article-title":"Family Herpesviridae and neuroinfections: current status and research in progress","volume":"117","author":"Carneiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102392","article-title":"Endogenous retroviruses in multiple sclerosis: a network-based etiopathogenic model","volume":"99","author":"Censi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020432","article-title":"Adenoviral vector-based vaccine platform for COVID-19: current status","volume":"11","author":"Chavda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000594","article-title":"Antipsychotics and the microbiota: current opinion in psychiatry","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13346","article-title":"Association between viral hepatitis infection and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a population-based prospective study","volume":"27","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03819-13","article-title":"Yeast virus-derived stimulator of the innate immune system augments the efficacy of virus vector-based immunotherapy","volume":"88","author":"Claudepierre","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3895","article-title":"Long-term risk of Parkinson disease following influenza and other infections","volume":"78","author":"Cocoros","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00427-y","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and the spectrum of JC virus-related disease","volume":"17","author":"Cortese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31027-7","article-title":"Natural history of nonhuman primates after conjunctival exposure to Ebola virus","volume":"13","author":"Cross","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010133","article-title":"Herpesviridae, neurodegenerative disorders and autoimmune diseases: what is the relationship between them?","volume":"16","author":"De Francesco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W180","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx295","article-title":"Microbiome analyst: a web-based tool for comprehensive statistical, visual and meta-analysis of microbiome data","volume":"45","author":"Dhariwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0005-7","article-title":"Nonhuman primate models of human viral infections","volume":"18","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14595","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14595","article-title":"Human herpesvirus-associated transposable element activation in human aging brains with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13030216","article-title":"Simian immunodeficiency virus-based virus-like particles are an efficient tool to induce persistent anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike neutralizing antibodies and specific T cells in mice","volume":"13","author":"Gallinaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sgad 029","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgad029","article-title":"Unveiling the human brain virome in Brodmann area 46: novel insights into dysbiosis and its association with schizophrenia","volume":"4","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bull. Open."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112136","article-title":"Identification and genetic characterization of viral pathogens in ruminant gestation abnormalities, Israel, 2015\u20132019","volume":"13","author":"Golender","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2022.07.006","article-title":"Monkeypox virus: a re-emergent threat to humans","volume":"37","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02039","article-title":"Human endogenous retroviruses are ancient acquired elements still shaping innate immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Grandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14010070","article-title":"Endogenous Retroviruses in Nervous System Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Gr\u00f6ger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e189988","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.189988","article-title":"Human pegivirus alters brain and blood immune and transcriptomic profiles of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Hanson","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142853","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 and other pathogens are key causative factors in sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"48","author":"Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.07.032","article-title":"Diazepam leads to enhanced severity of orthopoxvirus infection and immune suppression","volume":"28","author":"Huemer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809324-5.02446-9","article-title":"Viral vectors in the CNS \u2606","volume-title":"Reference module in neuroscience and Biobehavioral psychology","author":"Hunter","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39652-6","article-title":"Blood transcriptomic signatures associated with molecular changes in the brain and clinical outcomes in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Irmady","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170397","article-title":"Multiple system atrophy: an oligodendroglioneural synucleinopathy1","volume":"62","author":"Jellinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020246","article-title":"A review on zoonotic pathogens associated with non-human Primates: understanding the potential threats to humans","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00351-6","article-title":"Oral and gut dysbiosis leads to functional alterations in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Jo","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000128","article-title":"A comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus latency and reactivation","volume":"96","author":"Kennedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106031","article-title":"Association between human herpesviruses and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"177","author":"Khalesi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088471","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1088471","article-title":"The monkeypox diagnosis, treatments and prevention: a review","volume":"12","author":"Khattak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.26","article-title":"Multiple system atrophy: insights into a rare and debilitating movement disorder","volume":"13","author":"Krismer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6075","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006075","article-title":"Herpes zoster correlates with increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in older people: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"96","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307ra153","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac8201","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus-K contributes to motor neuron disease","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01635-w","article-title":"Exploration of alcohol use disorder-associated brain miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061611","article-title":"Dopamine transporter\/\u03b1-synuclein complexes are altered in the post mortem caudate putamen of Parkinson\u2019s disease: an in situ proximity ligation assay study","volume":"19","author":"Longhena","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJMS."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669942","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.669942","article-title":"Epidemiology of bovine Pestiviruses circulating in Italy","volume":"8","author":"Luzzago","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.12.033","article-title":"Novel PDE10A transcript diversity in the human striatum: insights into gene complexity, conservation and regulation","volume":"606","author":"MacMullen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw2603","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw2603","article-title":"Enhancing safety of cytomegalovirus-based vaccine vectors by engaging host intrinsic immunity","volume":"11","author":"Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.4175-4177.2005","article-title":"Reduced rate of diagnostic positive detection of JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid in cases of suspected progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy","volume":"43","author":"Marzocchetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45477","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45477","article-title":"CombiROC: an interactive web tool for selecting accurate marker combinations of omics data","volume":"7","author":"Mazzara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a009282","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009282","article-title":"Motor control abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38015-5","article-title":"Large-scale phage-based screening reveals extensive pan-viral mimicry of host short linear motifs","volume":"14","author":"Mihali\u010d","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref1001","article-title":"vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.8-0","author":"Oksanen","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2425670122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2425670122","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and the immune microenvironment in multiple sclerosis: insights from high-dimensional brain tissue imaging","volume":"122","author":"Orr","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-021-00060-w","article-title":"Pathological manifestation of human endogenous retrovirus K in frontotemporal dementia","volume":"1","author":"Phan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1515\/nipt-2023-0011","article-title":"The elusive role of herpesviruses in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: current evidence and future directions","volume":"2","author":"Piotrowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImmune Pharm Ther."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00579-z","article-title":"Multiple system atrophy: \u03b1-synuclein strains at the neuron-oligodendrocyte crossroad","volume":"17","author":"Reddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008575","article-title":"Controversial role of herpesviruses in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Rizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.03.006","article-title":"Viral vectors as vaccine platforms: deployment in sight","volume":"23","author":"Rollier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00156-z","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the Parkinson\u2019s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Romano","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112886","article-title":"The gut microbiome and antipsychotic treatment response","volume":"396","author":"Seeman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13259","article-title":"Altered putamen and cerebellum connectivity among different subtypes of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000672","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Flaviviridae","volume":"98","author":"Simmonds","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13040415","article-title":"Human endogenous retroviruses as novel therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"13","author":"Simula","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052364","article-title":"Human Herpesvirus-6 and -7 in the brain microenvironment of persons with neurological pathology and healthy people","volume":"22","author":"Skuja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.07.014","article-title":"Human endogenous retroviruses type W (HERV-) activation and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis","volume":"271","author":"Soleimani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736978","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.736978","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein aggregation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26452","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus K envelope in spinal fluid of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is toxic","volume":"92","author":"Steiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.314","article-title":"Altered gut microbiome and metabolome in patients with multiple system atrophy","volume":"381","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"145","article-title":"Pestivirus as causative agent of abortion and perinatal mortality in cattle and sheep in Switzerland","volume":"105","author":"Th\u00fcr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2019.06.002","article-title":"Can infections trigger alpha-synucleinopathies?","volume":"168","author":"Tulisiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720170064","article-title":"Epidemiology of multiple system atrophy","volume":"22","author":"Vanacore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005602","article-title":"Interlimb coordination in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: motor learning deficits and the importance of augmented information feedback","volume":"113","author":"Verschueren","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576682","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.576682","article-title":"Aberrant amplitude of Low-frequency fluctuations in different frequency bands in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29005","article-title":"The Movement Disorder Society criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy","volume":"37","author":"Wenning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000991","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Wijarnpreecha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a024588","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a024588","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein: multiple system atrophy prions","volume":"8","author":"Woerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref1002","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091966","article-title":"Explorative combined lipid and transcriptomic profiling of substantia nigra and putamen in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Xicoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00063","article-title":"Enteroviral infection: the forgotten link to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?","volume":"11","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01690","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus K (HML-2) in health and disease","volume":"11","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2024.189201","article-title":"Dual roles of human endogenous retroviruses in cancer progression and antitumor immune response","volume":"1879","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12621","article-title":"Horizontal transmission of endemic viruses among rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): implications for human cytomegalovirus vaccine\/challenge design","volume":"52","author":"Yee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1731713","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1683277\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T18:43:12Z","timestamp":1762454592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1683277\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1683277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1683277","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"article-number":"1683277"}}