{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:02:40Z","timestamp":1787500960022,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mass dog vaccination (MDV) is essential for eliminating dog-mediated rabies, responsible for over 95% of the estimated 74,000 annual human rabies deaths. Achieving \u2265 70% vaccination coverage necessary for herd immunity remains challenging, underscoring the need for effective vaccination strategies and reliable post-vaccination evaluation methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MDV campaigns were conducted in four site in Bangladesh (two urban, two peri-urban) using three strategies: standard capture-vaccinate-release (CVR), enhanced CVR (eCVR), and roaming static point (RSP). Post-vaccination sight re-sight (SRS) and household surveys were used to characterize dog populations and estimate coverage. Three enumeration methods were compared to assess reliability and utility for campaign evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over 12 working days, 9,195 dogs were vaccinated. eCVR achieved the highest operational efficiency (40.2 dogs\/vaccinator\/day), followed by standard CVR (36.6) and RSP (18.2). Post-vaccination surveys indicated that over 93% of dogs were free-roaming, and around 30% were unowned, highlighting limitations of static point strategies. Human-to-dog ratios (HDRs) were lower than the 100:1 planning estimate and varied widely across sites (mean: 67.8; range: 21.1\u2013129.6), with no significant difference between urban and peri-urban areas (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.479). Coverage estimates differed by enumeration method: 19% (dog density), 32% (HDR), and 47% (SRS), with comparable SRS- and HDR-based estimates (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.920), and dog density formula estimates significantly lower (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.014). Averaging across enumeration methods and sites, eCVR achieved the highest coverage (45%), followed by standard CVR (37%) and RSP (16%), with estimated RSP coverage significantly lower than eCVR (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The wide heterogeneity in HDRs highlights the limitations of using a single ratio for national dog population extrapolation. Effective rabies control requires locally tailored vaccination strategies, real-time monitoring, and robust enumeration techniques to guide planning and ensure reliable evaluation of campaign impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1696281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T06:34:26Z","timestamp":1768890866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chasing rabies herd immunity: evaluating dog vaccination strategies and post-vaccination survey reliability in urban and peri-urban Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Swedberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]},{"name":"Worldwide Veterinary Service","place":["Cranborne, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umme Ruman","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravikiran","family":"Keshavamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Sohel","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmeen B.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Bonaparte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Lohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Worldwide Veterinary Service","place":["Cranborne, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan Sayedul","family":"Mursalin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md","family":"Kamruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Gamble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Worldwide Veterinary Service","place":["Cranborne, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Worldwide Veterinary Service","place":["Cranborne, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse D.","family":"Blanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100215","article-title":"Rabies control in South Asia requires a one health approach.","volume":"12","author":"Acharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.11.012","article-title":"Estimation of roaming dog populations in timor leste.","volume":"113","author":"Amaral","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. 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